{"language": "en", "segments": [{"text": " So I'm going to talk about moon bounce if you have any questions because I know a", "start": 10.000000000000002, "stop": 14.72, "id": 0}, {"text": " lot of you are not hams and usually I give this talk for people who are radio", "start": 14.72, "stop": 19.34, "id": 1}, {"text": " amateurs and telling them how to become as radio amateurs", "start": 19.34, "stop": 25.12, "id": 2}, {"text": " to make use of the moon.", "start": 25.12, "stop": 26.88, "id": 3}, {"text": " You'll go to the communicating place with my thoughts about that.", "start": 28.12, "stop": 31.16, "id": 4}, {"text": " That's the way it is structured.", "start": 31.34, "stop": 33.22, "id": 5}, {"text": " But if you're not a radio amateur, you'll still get an introduced reduction of", "start": 33.9, "stop": 39.46, "id": 6}, {"text": " flavor of something that's really exciting and that is that here on earth, you", "start": 39.46, "stop": 45.28, "id": 7}, {"text": " send a signal off and touch the moon and have that signal actually come back and", "start": 45.28, "stop": 49.98, "id": 8}, {"text": " hear it and receive it.", "start": 49.98, "stop": 51.7, "id": 9}, {"text": " And most people find it really exciting, the fact that we can touch something in", "start": 52.42, "stop": 57.6, "id": 10}, {"text": " space and come back and actually control or see those effects.", "start": 57.6, "stop": 61.62, "id": 11}, {"text": " So let me talk about the introduction to this talk.", "start": 62.4, "stop": 67.12, "id": 12}, {"text": " And this is basically what I'm going to do is", "start": 68.24, "stop": 70.82, "id": 13}, {"text": " I'm going to talk a little bit about moon bounce.", "start": 70.82, "stop": 72.4, "id": 14}, {"text": " What I'm doing right now, I'm going to talk about the history, why it's a", "start": 72.4, "stop": 79.12, "id": 15}, {"text": " technical challenge for those who are radio amateurs or anybody.", "start": 79.12, "stop": 82.66, "id": 16}, {"text": " Talk about how to do it.", "start": 83.44, "stop": 85.08, "id": 17}, {"text": " I'll probably go over and spend less time on this and arrange some other time", "start": 85.24, "stop": 89.04, "id": 18}, {"text": " when I have a higher technical audience that can", "start": 89.04, "stop": 95.3, "id": 19}, {"text": " appreciate the more technical stuff.", "start": 95.3, "stop": 97.54, "id": 20}, {"text": " So how it's done and what you need, I'm going to try and go over quickly and then", "start": 98.32000000000001, "stop": 103.78, "id": 21}, {"text": " conclude and open up for questions.", "start": 103.78, "stop": 106.02, "id": 22}, {"text": " There's a lot of interesting questions that come out of this.", "start": 106.6, "stop": 111.64, "id": 23}, {"text": " OK, so one of the first things is interesting is that how", "start": 112.52, "stop": 118.84, "id": 24}, {"text": " EME, I use that word, that stands for Earth, Moon, you send your signal to the", "start": 118.84, "stop": 125.08, "id": 25}, {"text": " moon, Earth, the signal, that's where EME comes from.", "start": 125.08, "stop": 127.64, "id": 26}, {"text": " So your signal, signal from the Earth, you're sending the signal, I can use this", "start": 127.98, "stop": 131.9, "id": 27}, {"text": " diagram over here, the moon, the signal gets reflected off the moon, just like", "start": 131.9, "stop": 136.96, "id": 28}, {"text": " you hear an echo, you have a big wall and you say hello and the echo hits the", "start": 136.96, "stop": 142.3, "id": 29}, {"text": " wall and comes back to you, except the moon's a little further", "start": 142.3, "stop": 145.32, "id": 30}, {"text": " away than the wall.", "start": 145.32, "stop": 146.84, "id": 31}, {"text": " They are.", "start": 148.28, "stop": 149.4, "id": 32}, {"text": " And it's interesting, as someone who teaches about electronics, electrical", "start": 150.4, "stop": 156.8, "id": 33}, {"text": " engineering, how many things happened here in New Jersey?", "start": 156.8, "stop": 161.26, "id": 34}, {"text": " I probably should ask how many New Jerseyites are here?", "start": 161.42, "stop": 164.16, "id": 35}, {"text": " I'm biased toward New Jersey.", "start": 164.28, "stop": 165.84, "id": 36}, {"text": " A few of us here, I was born in New Jersey, lived in New", "start": 166.04, "stop": 168.92, "id": 37}, {"text": " Jersey basically all my life.", "start": 168.92, "stop": 170.5, "id": 38}, {"text": " And it's amazing, truly amazing how many things were invented in New Jersey, not", "start": 171.24, "stop": 176.26, "id": 39}, {"text": " just in electronics, but in general, like the first submarine was done in New", "start": 176.26, "stop": 182.12, "id": 40}, {"text": " Jersey, and we get to electronics, the first everything was almost, it seems like", "start": 182.12, "stop": 186.9, "id": 41}, {"text": " that was done in New Jersey.", "start": 186.9, "stop": 189.18, "id": 42}, {"text": " And the first accepted radio signals bounced off the moon, basically was, not", "start": 189.74, "stop": 196.1, "id": 43}, {"text": " basically, it was done here in New Jersey.", "start": 196.1, "stop": 199.22, "id": 44}, {"text": " Now there were reports of reception of echoes before this, where people had", "start": 199.38, "stop": 205.58, "id": 45}, {"text": " observed that they heard something that looked like it was coming from the moon,", "start": 205.58, "stop": 208.36, "id": 46}, {"text": " but they couldn't explain why this echo.", "start": 208.52, "stop": 210.26, "id": 47}, {"text": " But there was nothing really scientific, definitive in terms of, you know, we're", "start": 210.68, "stop": 216.22, "id": 48}, {"text": " going to set this up and we're going to show that we received these signals off", "start": 216.22, "stop": 219.0, "id": 49}, {"text": " the moon and gather scientific data.", "start": 219.0, "stop": 221.74, "id": 50}, {"text": " That first occurred here, occurred not too far away, over toward Red", "start": 222.04, "stop": 228.9, "id": 51}, {"text": " Bank or New Jersey, but it was [...] we used to be called Fort Monmouth,", "start": 228.9, "stop": 235.64, "id": 52}, {"text": " but it wasn't really at Fort Monmouth, close by it was in the Evans, they called", "start": 235.96, "stop": 240.02, "id": 53}, {"text": " the Evans area, where they had a big antenna there, which was", "start": 240.02, "stop": 246.4, "id": 54}, {"text": " then very close to the amateur, which we referred to as the two-meter band, those", "start": 246.4, "stop": 251.52, "id": 55}, {"text": " of you that are hams for radio amateurs, but at that", "start": 251.52, "stop": 255.82, "id": 56}, {"text": " time the two-meter band didn't exist.", "start": 255.82, "stop": 257.38, "id": 57}, {"text": " Before World War II, there was the two-and-a-half meter band, it was around 115", "start": 258.17999999999995, "stop": 263.02, "id": 58}, {"text": " megahertz, and that's where the experiments were done.", "start": 263.02, "stop": 265.3, "id": 59}, {"text": " The person who was in charge of the experiments, a lot of the people there were", "start": 265.9, "stop": 269.9, "id": 60}, {"text": " all radio amateurs, so moon bounces had this thread of amateur radio", "start": 269.9, "stop": 275.94, "id": 61}, {"text": " in it, even from the very beginning.", "start": 275.94, "stop": 277.58, "id": 62}, {"text": " Now there was another set of experiments that occurred almost in parallel with", "start": 278.2, "stop": 282.92, "id": 63}, {"text": " the experiments that we did, which I found always very fascinating, I should say.", "start": 282.92, "stop": 288.84, "id": 64}, {"text": " These experiments were done in Hungary, a group in Hungary, and it was done at a", "start": 289.43999999999994, "stop": 294.04, "id": 65}, {"text": " frequency that was lower than two meters, but they set up an antenna, or a wire", "start": 294.04, "stop": 299.38, "id": 66}, {"text": " type of antenna, and what they did is they had a transmitter, and they would turn", "start": 299.38, "stop": 303.66, "id": 67}, {"text": " the transmitter on, they would send the signal to the moon, and then they would", "start": 303.66, "stop": 307.72, "id": 68}, {"text": " listen for that signal coming back from the moon.", "start": 307.72, "stop": 311.08, "id": 69}, {"text": " Now, because of the frequency they operated at, the power, they couldn't detect", "start": 311.08, "stop": 315.92, "id": 70}, {"text": " that signal, but what they did is they repeated this again and again and again,", "start": 315.92, "stop": 322.28, "id": 71}, {"text": " and they listened to, every time they did it, they had another switch here, and", "start": 322.96, "stop": 328.56, "id": 72}, {"text": " here I'm getting a little bit technical.", "start": 328.56, "stop": 330.08, "id": 73}, {"text": " Am I okay?", "start": 331.3, "stop": 331.92, "id": 74}, {"text": " I don't know, you should tell me, I think I'm okay.", "start": 332.48, "stop": 334.96, "id": 75}, {"text": " Is it okay here in the room?", "start": 335.14, "stop": 337.2, "id": 76}, {"text": " Am I okay?", "start": 338.54, "stop": 339.66, "id": 77}, {"text": " No, I'm not okay.", "start": 339.98, "stop": 340.74, "id": 78}, {"text": " So, what they did is they used this thing that basically stored charge.", "start": 345.36000000000007, "stop": 349.9, "id": 79}, {"text": " So, if the signal was strong, they would store a piece of that charge, and you", "start": 350.4, "stop": 354.14, "id": 80}, {"text": " call these things capacitors, if any of you had physics or in high school or", "start": 354.14, "stop": 358.88, "id": 81}, {"text": " things like that, and they'd switch.", "start": 358.88, "stop": 360.44, "id": 82}, {"text": " So, it was kind of digital, they switched from one capacitor, one second, and the", "start": 361.66, "stop": 364.9, "id": 83}, {"text": " other capacitor next second, and they switch around.", "start": 364.9, "stop": 367.32, "id": 84}, {"text": " It turns out that echoes from the moon, the moon has a certain distance, radio", "start": 367.7, "stop": 371.88, "id": 85}, {"text": " signals or electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light,", "start": 371.88, "stop": 375.0, "id": 86}, {"text": " so they go at a fixed amount.", "start": 375.4, "stop": 377.2, "id": 87}, {"text": " So, we can predict when we're going to have an echo from the moon, because we", "start": 377.36, "stop": 380.6, "id": 88}, {"text": " know how far the moon is away, and it turns", "start": 380.6, "stop": 382.5, "id": 89}, {"text": " out it's about two and a half seconds.", "start": 382.5, "stop": 384.08, "id": 90}, {"text": " So, if they're doing this and they're looking at the charge or the voltage that's", "start": 384.76, "stop": 389.8, "id": 91}, {"text": " on the capacitor, the capacitor, that's two and a half seconds, right, after", "start": 389.8, "stop": 394.38, "id": 92}, {"text": " this should have a big peak on that.", "start": 394.38, "stop": 395.92, "id": 93}, {"text": " And that's exactly what happens.", "start": 396.5, "stop": 400.22, "id": 94}, {"text": " If you do this with a radar system, you send a pulse out in the radar signal,", "start": 400.36, "stop": 403.86, "id": 95}, {"text": " you'll see two and a half seconds later, you should have a big peak.", "start": 403.98, "stop": 407.48, "id": 96}, {"text": " They, of course, are making use of what we call integration, repeated", "start": 408.08, "stop": 412.84, "id": 97}, {"text": " transmissions, and they're adding these up, the signals that are random noise,", "start": 412.84, "stop": 417.24, "id": 98}, {"text": " they're going to average out to zero, but where the signal comes back, it can", "start": 417.3, "stop": 420.28, "id": 99}, {"text": " add, and it adds up.", "start": 420.28, "stop": 421.78, "id": 100}, {"text": " And if they do this enough times, they get a peak, and they also show, it was", "start": 422.06, "stop": 425.8, "id": 101}, {"text": " about the same time that you can argue about who did it first, because they", "start": 425.8, "stop": 430.66, "id": 102}, {"text": " really took months, literally months, when they", "start": 430.66, "stop": 433.62, "id": 103}, {"text": " were doing this, to do this experiment.", "start": 433.62, "stop": 435.2, "id": 104}, {"text": " But they also showed that you positively got signals from the moon.", "start": 435.58, "stop": 440.36, "id": 105}, {"text": " Now, one of the fascinating things, because I remember when I was first reading", "start": 440.52, "stop": 443.66, "id": 106}, {"text": " about this, I think I was in high school, or on that age, I was trying to figure", "start": 443.66, "stop": 448.2, "id": 107}, {"text": " out what they were doing, because they talked about using hydrogen drives.", "start": 448.2, "stop": 454.76, "id": 108}, {"text": " Now, anyone in high school, remember high school, not that one, though, any of", "start": 455.98, "stop": 459.14, "id": 109}, {"text": " you, taking chemistry in high school?", "start": 459.14, "stop": 460.8, "id": 110}, {"text": " Okay.", "start": 461.44, "stop": 461.82, "id": 111}, {"text": " What did you do with hydrogen?", "start": 462.26, "stop": 463.28, "id": 112}, {"text": " Thank you.", "start": 464.26, "stop": 464.68, "id": 113}, {"text": " Do you want to experiment with hydrogen?", "start": 465.76, "stop": 467.14, "id": 114}, {"text": " No way.", "start": 467.54, "stop": 468.3, "id": 115}, {"text": " No way.", "start": 469.36, "stop": 469.84, "id": 116}, {"text": " You probably know.", "start": 470.36, "stop": 471.12, "id": 117}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 471.68, "stop": 471.84, "id": 118}, {"text": " You do an experiment, same with experiments in high school with hydrogen?", "start": 472.66, "stop": 476.04, "id": 119}, {"text": " Remember the hydrolysis of hydrogen?", "start": 477.34, "stop": 479.12, "id": 120}, {"text": " I certainly would not problem.", "start": 479.56, "stop": 480.62, "id": 121}, {"text": " Yeah, they would take, and they would take and put two electrodes in water, and", "start": 481.44, "stop": 487.62, "id": 122}, {"text": " the water would separate and look for hydrogen in oxygen.", "start": 487.62, "stop": 490.86, "id": 123}, {"text": " Water is H2O.", "start": 491.32, "stop": 492.5, "id": 124}, {"text": " One of that, H2O, H2O number.", "start": 492.7, "stop": 495.6, "id": 125}, {"text": " We have a correct tendency with that, so you can teach on that.", "start": 496.82, "stop": 500.6, "id": 126}, {"text": " But they would do that.", "start": 500.6, "stop": 501.76, "id": 127}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 502.06, "stop": 502.1, "id": 128}, {"text": " Well, this group basically did the same thing.", "start": 502.66, "stop": 506.0, "id": 129}, {"text": " At each one of these points where they have each one of these, suppose I call", "start": 506.56, "stop": 511.96, "id": 130}, {"text": " them capacitors, they had a hydrolysis, a couple of jars, where the electrodes", "start": 511.96, "stop": 518.58, "id": 131}, {"text": " went into the water, and then they collected the gases that came off of that.", "start": 518.58, "stop": 523.26, "id": 132}, {"text": " Okay.", "start": 523.76, "stop": 523.96, "id": 133}, {"text": " And then they showed that they had the most hydrogen and oxygen at the jar,", "start": 523.96, "stop": 529.9, "id": 134}, {"text": " where there were two and a half seconds later.", "start": 530.44, "stop": 533.4, "id": 135}, {"text": " You can see that they wanted to, that seems like they have these things full.", "start": 533.92, "stop": 537.94, "id": 136}, {"text": " Do you go over and experiment in the feeding boxes?", "start": 538.5, "stop": 541.3, "id": 137}, {"text": " Well, I wouldn't want to do that.", "start": 542.44, "stop": 543.8, "id": 138}, {"text": " [...] and doubts.", "start": 544.12, "stop": 545.48, "id": 139}, {"text": " I'm sure they have a team there.", "start": 545.86, "stop": 548.9, "id": 140}, {"text": " They were pretty smart.", "start": 549.32, "stop": 551.6, "id": 141}, {"text": " The problem back when they were doing this in the 40s is that capacitors don't", "start": 551.6, "stop": 556.8, "id": 142}, {"text": " hold their charge over a long, long time.", "start": 556.8, "stop": 560.4, "id": 143}, {"text": " They were doing this over weeks and months, and the capacitors that had available", "start": 560.52, "stop": 564.52, "id": 144}, {"text": " were starting to lose the voltage they have.", "start": 564.52, "stop": 568.38, "id": 145}, {"text": " But when you go with hydrolysis, the gas doesn't go quite the same.", "start": 569.2, "stop": 573.14, "id": 146}, {"text": " So they got around the problem of the leakage of", "start": 574.04, "stop": 577.52, "id": 147}, {"text": " that you have in the capacitors' life.", "start": 577.52, "stop": 579.3, "id": 148}, {"text": " And that's why they did it.", "start": 579.88, "stop": 580.88, "id": 149}, {"text": " I always found that because it shows from an engineering point of view,", "start": 580.88, "stop": 585.44, "id": 150}, {"text": " engineering's really solving problems.", "start": 585.76, "stop": 587.38, "id": 151}, {"text": " And these people who did this, developed this experiment, they figured out how to", "start": 588.02, "stop": 592.5, "id": 152}, {"text": " solve the problem of detecting radio signals that came back from the moon and", "start": 592.5, "stop": 599.38, "id": 153}, {"text": " with limited, very limited facilities to do it, like a hydrogen jar, some long", "start": 599.38, "stop": 604.0, "id": 154}, {"text": " wires, a limited transmitter.", "start": 604.0, "stop": 605.74, "id": 155}, {"text": " And they were able to show it.", "start": 606.36, "stop": 607.66, "id": 156}, {"text": " Here in the US, we had a big, big antenna, high power transmitter.", "start": 607.66, "stop": 612.32, "id": 157}, {"text": " In either case, we showed that signals were coming back from the moon.", "start": 612.72, "stop": 617.56, "id": 158}, {"text": " Okay, now from an amateur point of view, because remember I'm", "start": 622.12, "stop": 624.98, "id": 159}, {"text": " talking about amateurs, not the government.", "start": 624.98, "stop": 626.62, "id": 160}, {"text": " And even though the amateurs were there in the government, amateurs were also", "start": 627.62, "stop": 631.62, "id": 161}, {"text": " very early interested in this thing really very early on.", "start": 631.62, "stop": 635.88, "id": 162}, {"text": " Literally, as soon as people announced that they were getting echoes from the", "start": 635.88, "stop": 640.14, "id": 163}, {"text": " moon, amateur said, can we use this to communicate further?", "start": 640.14, "stop": 644.38, "id": 164}, {"text": " One of the things that amateur radio is interested in always is to do something", "start": 644.96, "stop": 650.64, "id": 165}, {"text": " first, to do something over longer distances.", "start": 650.64, "stop": 653.54, "id": 166}, {"text": " And at that time in particular, people could not communicate very far", "start": 654.2, "stop": 660.08, "id": 167}, {"text": " at the higher frequency.", "start": 660.08, "stop": 661.86, "id": 168}, {"text": " You have the short wave bands where the signals bounce off the ionist.", "start": 661.86, "stop": 666.1, "id": 169}, {"text": " As you go higher in frequency, there's always", "start": 666.44, "stop": 668.86, "id": 170}, {"text": " people who want to do something different.", "start": 668.86, "stop": 670.6, "id": 171}, {"text": " You go higher in frequency, people wanted to talk further and further.", "start": 670.8, "stop": 674.12, "id": 172}, {"text": " They couldn't talk very far, just the signals", "start": 674.52, "stop": 676.7, "id": 173}, {"text": " basically went right through the atoms.", "start": 676.7, "stop": 678.54, "id": 174}, {"text": " It turns out there's some other effects.", "start": 679.48, "stop": 681.46, "id": 175}, {"text": " I had more time here.", "start": 682.18, "stop": 683.1, "id": 176}, {"text": " I talked about different types of energy [...]", "start": 683.26, "stop": 685.72, "id": 177}, {"text": " But in fact, in those days, it worked 50 miles.", "start": 686.36, "stop": 689.32, "id": 178}, {"text": " People were going, I work 50 miles.", "start": 689.32, "stop": 691.22, "id": 179}, {"text": " That's fantastic.", "start": 691.42, "stop": 692.14, "id": 180}, {"text": " So they were looking at ways they could talk further, communicate further.", "start": 693.56, "stop": 698.06, "id": 181}, {"text": " And if you send the signal to the moon and the signal is reflected back to the", "start": 698.56, "stop": 701.9, "id": 182}, {"text": " moon, you can literally, any place they can see the moon and where the signal is", "start": 701.9, "stop": 705.54, "id": 183}, {"text": " reflected back, you can communicate.", "start": 705.54, "stop": 707.08, "id": 184}, {"text": " You can communicate all over the world at these very high frequencies, but", "start": 707.4, "stop": 711.46, "id": 185}, {"text": " normally you can only talk a few miles.", "start": 711.46, "stop": 713.22, "id": 186}, {"text": " And so that's where the interest was in amateur radio because they wanted to", "start": 713.78, "stop": 718.52, "id": 187}, {"text": " communicate with further places, have the record for the longest distance, but", "start": 718.52, "stop": 722.66, "id": 188}, {"text": " most stations worked all over the world.", "start": 722.66, "stop": 725.12, "id": 189}, {"text": " These are the things that amateur radio operators play at.", "start": 725.62, "stop": 729.04, "id": 190}, {"text": " That's the games that they play at.", "start": 729.24, "stop": 732.04, "id": 191}, {"text": " And echoes were first reported by amateur radio operators. 1946 was", "start": 732.88, "stop": 739.7, "id": 192}, {"text": " when the signals were first reported here in New Jersey.", "start": 739.7, "stop": 745.14, "id": 193}, {"text": " In 1953, we had a group, and also that group was in New Jersey interestingly,", "start": 745.14, "stop": 750.68, "id": 194}, {"text": " just a coincidence, who reported having echoes from the", "start": 751.26, "stop": 756.12, "id": 195}, {"text": " moon in 1953.", "start": 756.12, "stop": 758.54, "id": 196}, {"text": " But there are certain rules when you communicate", "start": 759.18, "stop": 761.58, "id": 197}, {"text": " and you've got to send the signal.", "start": 761.58, "stop": 763.76, "id": 198}, {"text": " It's got to be heard.", "start": 763.92, "stop": 764.78, "id": 199}, {"text": " The signal's got to be sent back.", "start": 765.22, "stop": 766.66, "id": 200}, {"text": " You pull this thing up, QSO, two-way communications.", "start": 767.1, "stop": 770.04, "id": 201}, {"text": " And to make a contact or QSO in amateur radio, you've got to meet these rules of", "start": 770.04, "stop": 776.94, "id": 202}, {"text": " being able to have the signal you see, sending the information back that is", "start": 776.94, "stop": 781.6, "id": 203}, {"text": " unknown at the other side, confirming that you got that information and having it", "start": 781.6, "stop": 786.2, "id": 204}, {"text": " going back the other way.", "start": 786.2, "stop": 787.8, "id": 205}, {"text": " And the group that was playing around with EME back in 1953", "start": 788.06, "stop": 794.12, "id": 206}, {"text": " never made a QSO.", "start": 794.12, "stop": 795.86, "id": 207}, {"text": " In fact, people questioned that that was being done at the two-meter amateur", "start": 795.86, "stop": 801.6, "id": 208}, {"text": " radio band, which existed after World War II, two-meter amateur radio band.", "start": 801.6, "stop": 806.46, "id": 209}, {"text": " One of the most popular radio bands in the world today is two meters.", "start": 806.52, "stop": 810.8, "id": 210}, {"text": " You see all these handy talkies, and you're taking the classes, you end up with a", "start": 811.88, "stop": 815.74, "id": 211}, {"text": " two-meter transverter and things like that.", "start": 815.74, "stop": 818.02, "id": 212}, {"text": " Inexpensive equipment all around.", "start": 818.62, "stop": 820.5, "id": 213}, {"text": " So this was the band where this was going on.", "start": 821.08, "stop": 823.16, "id": 214}, {"text": " The first two-way communications occurred in 1960.", "start": 823.16, "stop": 827.78, "id": 215}, {"text": " It was between Massachusetts and California.", "start": 828.32, "stop": 831.16, "id": 216}, {"text": " And the frequency was 1,296 megahertz.", "start": 832.8599999999999, "stop": 836.44, "id": 217}, {"text": " So that's about 10 times the frequency of two meters.", "start": 836.82, "stop": 839.9, "id": 218}, {"text": " They did it.", "start": 840.58, "stop": 840.96, "id": 219}, {"text": " And I was involved in this.", "start": 841.78, "stop": 843.96, "id": 220}, {"text": " And again, I don't want to spend too much time, but when I was in high school, I", "start": 844.12, "stop": 848.1, "id": 221}, {"text": " got interested in building antennas, what was called the stress dish.", "start": 848.1, "stop": 853.54, "id": 222}, {"text": " And that brought me interested in EME.", "start": 855.0600000000001, "stop": 858.14, "id": 223}, {"text": " And I actually built the stress dish when I was in high school, which was damaged", "start": 858.72, "stop": 864.68, "id": 224}, {"text": " when my first day in college we had a hurricane.", "start": 864.68, "stop": 870.2, "id": 225}, {"text": " And again, I don't want to go into the details, but I've been interested", "start": 871.36, "stop": 874.12, "id": 226}, {"text": " in this from going back.", "start": 874.12, "stop": 875.9, "id": 227}, {"text": " I graduated in high school. I shouldn't say this.", "start": 875.9, "stop": 878.2, "id": 228}, {"text": " It tells you how old I am, but in 1960, the same year that that two-way EME", "start": 878.64, "stop": 884.92, "id": 229}, {"text": " communications was achieved.", "start": 884.92, "stop": 886.58, "id": 230}, {"text": " And at that time, there was a fellow by name of Sam Harris.", "start": 888.2799999999999, "stop": 891.62, "id": 231}, {"text": " And for the younger groups over here, he was writing a magazine", "start": 892.2, "stop": 895.4, "id": 232}, {"text": " column every month.", "start": 895.4, "stop": 897.98, "id": 233}, {"text": " And he was like my idol.", "start": 898.22, "stop": 899.48, "id": 234}, {"text": " You know, it was really incredible", "start": 899.48, "stop": 906.08, "id": 235}, {"text": " fellow at that time.", "start": 906.08, "stop": 908.66, "id": 236}, {"text": " And his wife was also involved, Helen Harris, in amateur radio.", "start": 909.42, "stop": 915.7, "id": 237}, {"text": " So it wasn't just an all-male thing even back then.", "start": 915.8, "stop": 919.18, "id": 238}, {"text": " I remember her call was W1HOY.", "start": 919.86, "stop": 921.8, "id": 239}, {"text": " Anyhow, that was a very exciting time in 1960.", "start": 925.12, "stop": 929.62, "id": 240}, {"text": " And I got involved with this, not to blow my horn or anything, but in 1976,", "start": 930.88, "stop": 936.88, "id": 241}, {"text": " I was the first person to communicate with all continents by EME.", "start": 936.88, "stop": 942.24, "id": 242}, {"text": " I did that up at 432 megahertz.", "start": 942.9, "stop": 946.64, "id": 243}, {"text": " There was a group at 144, so I felt really good, because I beat out the 144.", "start": 947.18, "stop": 951.56, "id": 244}, {"text": " I did it at a higher frequency than the predominant lower frequency band, which", "start": 951.98, "stop": 958.78, "id": 245}, {"text": " was supposedly easier to do in 1976.", "start": 958.78, "stop": 962.22, "id": 246}, {"text": " And I got a lot of publicity from it, a lot of fun.", "start": 962.62, "stop": 965.02, "id": 247}, {"text": " And I've been involved with EME since that time.", "start": 965.14, "stop": 968.74, "id": 248}, {"text": " And so this gives you kind of a timeframe.", "start": 969.62, "stop": 972.02, "id": 249}, {"text": " And you go higher in frequency.", "start": 972.58, "stop": 974.34, "id": 250}, {"text": " We were talking about the wavelength.", "start": 975.04, "stop": 976.26, "id": 251}, {"text": " The antennas get smaller and smaller and smaller.", "start": 976.26, "stop": 978.9, "id": 252}, {"text": " At high frequencies, for those of you who aren't in amateur radio, you're talking", "start": 979.86, "stop": 983.54, "id": 253}, {"text": " about antennas that are in feet, like one of the most popular bands for shortwave", "start": 983.54, "stop": 989.6, "id": 254}, {"text": " amateur radio is 20 meters.", "start": 989.6, "stop": 991.92, "id": 255}, {"text": " And 20 meters, you know how long that is, because you know how long a meter is,", "start": 992.44, "stop": 995.74, "id": 256}, {"text": " over 3.5 feet, right?", "start": 996.3, "stop": 997.9, "id": 257}, {"text": " So if we say it's like 3 feet, 20 meters, the wavelength there is about", "start": 998.0, "stop": 1001.88, "id": 258}, {"text": " 60 feet, okay?", "start": 1001.88, "stop": 1003.42, "id": 259}, {"text": " They give you a comparison.", "start": 1003.42, "stop": 1005.82, "id": 260}, {"text": " When you talk about 432, that's 500 megahertz.", "start": 1006.44, "stop": 1011.4, "id": 261}, {"text": " And the wavelength is a couple feet, okay?", "start": 1011.9, "stop": 1015.08, "id": 262}, {"text": " About a couple feet in size.", "start": 1015.78, "stop": 1017.64, "id": 263}, {"text": " So you're going from 60 feet to a couple feet in size.", "start": 1017.78, "stop": 1021.0, "id": 264}, {"text": " And by the time you get to 10 gigahertz, this is you're getting up into the", "start": 1021.24, "stop": 1025.9, "id": 265}, {"text": " real microwave frequencies.", "start": 1025.9, "stop": 1027.58, "id": 266}, {"text": " A wavelength is 3 centimeters.", "start": 1028.2, "stop": 1030.4, "id": 267}, {"text": " It's about that long.", "start": 1031.46, "stop": 1032.44, "id": 268}, {"text": " That's the wavelength.", "start": 1032.44, "stop": 1033.1, "id": 269}, {"text": " So you think about the difference.", "start": 1033.48, "stop": 1034.84, "id": 270}, {"text": " The equipment, the circuitry, everything becomes very sensitive to distance.", "start": 1035.44, "stop": 1039.42, "id": 271}, {"text": " And they push the limits of this up to 47 gigahertz.", "start": 1040.16, "stop": 1046.74, "id": 272}, {"text": " So that's almost five times higher.", "start": 1046.8, "stop": 1049.24, "id": 273}, {"text": " So it'd be one-fifth of that 3 centimeters in 2002.", "start": 1049.5, "stop": 1053.96, "id": 274}, {"text": " And there really hasn't been a lot of progress since then.", "start": 1054.76, "stop": 1059.1, "id": 275}, {"text": " There's some interest in 87 gigahertz, but there's really not been full two-way", "start": 1059.1, "stop": 1065.36, "id": 276}, {"text": " communications yet in that frequency range.", "start": 1065.36, "stop": 1068.54, "id": 277}, {"text": " So that gives you a little background.", "start": 1069.72, "stop": 1072.1, "id": 278}, {"text": " And I got to look at my time because I'm famous for running over time.", "start": 1072.24, "stop": 1076.4, "id": 279}, {"text": " I think I'm over here.", "start": 1076.56, "stop": 1077.74, "id": 280}, {"text": " This period ends at, anyone know when I", "start": 1078.32, "stop": 1082.84, "id": 281}, {"text": " end? 330.", "start": 1082.84, "stop": 1085.96, "id": 282}, {"text": " Okay.", "start": 1086.74, "stop": 1086.84, "id": 283}, {"text": " So I got to get done well before that there.", "start": 1087.08, "stop": 1090.42, "id": 284}, {"text": " Don't let me go over.", "start": 1090.88, "stop": 1091.82, "id": 285}, {"text": " If I was in a class, I would be sure, you know, when you're in a class and you", "start": 1092.7, "stop": 1096.7, "id": 286}, {"text": " get close to the ending time, you hear this rustling, this background noise.", "start": 1096.7, "stop": 1101.96, "id": 287}, {"text": " You know, you don't need a clock.", "start": 1102.4, "stop": 1104.68, "id": 288}, {"text": " You know that your time is over, no matter how exciting or what you're talking", "start": 1104.94, "stop": 1110.32, "id": 289}, {"text": " about or how important it is.", "start": 1110.32, "stop": 1111.82, "id": 290}, {"text": " Anyhow, talking about exciting, why moon bounce?", "start": 1111.82, "stop": 1116.54, "id": 291}, {"text": " It's exciting.", "start": 1116.82, "stop": 1117.38, "id": 292}, {"text": " And even if you're an on-ham, it's exciting this concept of", "start": 1118.02, "stop": 1121.04, "id": 293}, {"text": " sending signals off the moon.", "start": 1121.04, "stop": 1122.8, "id": 294}, {"text": " In amateur radio, people like to collect work, rare countries.", "start": 1123.7, "stop": 1127.94, "id": 295}, {"text": " You know, you come home and say to your wife, you know, I worked in India today", "start": 1128.36, "stop": 1133.08, "id": 296}, {"text": " and she says, oh, that's nice.", "start": 1133.08, "stop": 1134.74, "id": 297}, {"text": " What else?", "start": 1134.96, "stop": 1135.22, "id": 298}, {"text": " But this is a lot of what amateur's radio is involved with, whether you're at", "start": 1136.88, "stop": 1141.08, "id": 299}, {"text": " high frequencies, one of the most competitive fields in high frequencies,", "start": 1141.08, "stop": 1145.34, "id": 300}, {"text": " collecting work in different countries.", "start": 1145.5, "stop": 1147.18, "id": 301}, {"text": " When you have people who go out to islands that are little walks and they spend", "start": 1147.74, "stop": 1152.82, "id": 302}, {"text": " $100,000 trying to get a helicopter to get out there, sitting their equipment", "start": 1152.82, "stop": 1158.0, "id": 303}, {"text": " up, and they work 50,000 people.", "start": 1158.0, "stop": 1159.88, "id": 304}, {"text": " Literally, I'm not exaggerating.", "start": 1160.44, "stop": 1161.72, "id": 305}, {"text": " Those of you who operate at HF, no, I'm not exaggerating.", "start": 1161.86, "stop": 1165.12, "id": 306}, {"text": " There's a great, great deal of interest because they want to get one more country", "start": 1165.5, "stop": 1168.74, "id": 307}, {"text": " to their list and stay at the top of the XCC list.", "start": 1168.74, "stop": 1172.4, "id": 308}, {"text": " Well, this kind of mentality has gone up in the frequencies, and people are", "start": 1172.88, "stop": 1178.06, "id": 309}, {"text": " interested in the higher frequencies of working all", "start": 1178.06, "stop": 1181.68, "id": 310}, {"text": " around the world, collecting countries.", "start": 1181.68, "stop": 1183.26, "id": 311}, {"text": " I'm one of the fortunate people to have the XCC, which stands for working in 100", "start": 1183.5, "stop": 1188.8, "id": 312}, {"text": " different countries, at 70 centimeters and 1296.", "start": 1188.8, "stop": 1193.18, "id": 313}, {"text": " I wasn't first, but I was in the top three in those", "start": 1193.98, "stop": 1198.66, "id": 314}, {"text": " categories of working different countries.", "start": 1198.66, "stop": 1201.6, "id": 315}, {"text": " It's really competitive and interesting.", "start": 1201.78, "stop": 1203.56, "id": 316}, {"text": " It's also interesting because you can go to different places.", "start": 1204.22, "stop": 1208.14, "id": 317}, {"text": " I've certainly done that.", "start": 1208.96, "stop": 1210.34, "id": 318}, {"text": " I've done my own traveling and set up equipment portable.", "start": 1210.5, "stop": 1213.42, "id": 319}, {"text": " This shows a picture of me at home with equipment.", "start": 1214.04, "stop": 1217.46, "id": 320}, {"text": " This shows me actually in St. Thomas, the Virgin Islands, where I had", "start": 1217.46, "stop": 1224.4, "id": 321}, {"text": " a business trip and I went out and we set up an antenna to work bounce signals", "start": 1224.4, "stop": 1230.2, "id": 322}, {"text": " off the moon and work people there a few years ago.", "start": 1230.2, "stop": 1233.28, "id": 323}, {"text": " If you're an amateur, by going on Moonbounce, it's a way, if you operate at the", "start": 1235.14, "stop": 1241.64, "id": 324}, {"text": " higher, these higher microwave or VHF frequencies, so way of you adding more", "start": 1241.64, "stop": 1247.04, "id": 325}, {"text": " places and getting more awards if you collect them for working", "start": 1247.04, "stop": 1251.72, "id": 326}, {"text": " different distances.", "start": 1251.72, "stop": 1253.72, "id": 327}, {"text": " We look at the challenge.", "start": 1256.18, "stop": 1258.26, "id": 328}, {"text": " This talks about the technical challenge of working Moonbounce.", "start": 1258.72, "stop": 1263.32, "id": 329}, {"text": " That you need, obviously, just like I showed you in the beginning, you transmit a", "start": 1266.34, "stop": 1271.64, "id": 330}, {"text": " receiver, you transmit the signal up to the moon, and then if you're listening", "start": 1271.64, "stop": 1276.42, "id": 331}, {"text": " for echoes, about two and a half seconds later, you flip this to the receive", "start": 1276.42, "stop": 1281.44, "id": 332}, {"text": " side, you go on the sun and see if you can hear the", "start": 1281.44, "stop": 1283.42, "id": 333}, {"text": " echoes coming back from the moon.", "start": 1283.42, "stop": 1285.24, "id": 334}, {"text": " If you're communicating with a station, you send whatever your communications,", "start": 1285.66, "stop": 1291.62, "id": 335}, {"text": " you send out a call for that station, and the station is identifier, is call", "start": 1291.96, "stop": 1296.64, "id": 336}, {"text": " letters, just like my call letters are K2UIH on my hat here.", "start": 1296.64, "stop": 1301.56, "id": 337}, {"text": " And the other station hears my signal being sent up to the moon.", "start": 1303.8, "stop": 1308.28, "id": 338}, {"text": " He knows that when he stops hearing me, it's going to take two and a half seconds", "start": 1308.76, "stop": 1313.1, "id": 339}, {"text": " for him to respond to me because he responds immediately, there's a two and a", "start": 1313.1, "stop": 1318.8, "id": 340}, {"text": " half seconds of time getting up there.", "start": 1318.8, "stop": 1321.0, "id": 341}, {"text": " And then if he immediately responds, it's going to take the other half of that", "start": 1321.0, "stop": 1325.8, "id": 342}, {"text": " time, it's really two and a half seconds round trip for me to hear him coming", "start": 1325.8, "stop": 1330.34, "id": 343}, {"text": " back, can't occur instantaneously.", "start": 1330.34, "stop": 1332.62, "id": 344}, {"text": " And we could talk a lot about this because the person speaking here before is", "start": 1332.86, "stop": 1337.66, "id": 345}, {"text": " talking about space communications and things like that.", "start": 1337.66, "stop": 1340.58, "id": 346}, {"text": " And some of the issues in space communication and using satellites and", "start": 1340.58, "stop": 1347.36, "id": 347}, {"text": " using the moon is a delay in communicating up to a satellite for the moon, which", "start": 1347.36, "stop": 1353.5, "id": 348}, {"text": " is further away than most of the satellites are, and getting back", "start": 1353.5, "stop": 1358.48, "id": 349}, {"text": " to it, that delay.", "start": 1358.48, "stop": 1360.26, "id": 350}, {"text": " And it's really interesting.", "start": 1360.46, "stop": 1361.86, "id": 351}, {"text": " I could go on and talk about that because you hear these", "start": 1362.38, "stop": 1365.1, "id": 352}, {"text": " things about drones, right?", "start": 1365.1, "stop": 1366.78, "id": 353}, {"text": " You know about a drone, everyone knows what a drone is, right?", "start": 1367.22, "stop": 1369.34, "id": 354}, {"text": " Well, someone's piloting that drone usually, right?", "start": 1369.34, "stop": 1371.9, "id": 355}, {"text": " But the signal has to get from the pilot to the drone, usually that goes through", "start": 1372.46, "stop": 1377.16, "id": 356}, {"text": " a satellite to the drone, and the control signal gets back.", "start": 1377.16, "stop": 1381.02, "id": 357}, {"text": " So that drone really has to do a lot of stuff on its own.", "start": 1381.2, "stop": 1383.4, "id": 358}, {"text": " And when you start talking about doing robots in space, the two and a half", "start": 1383.92, "stop": 1388.32, "id": 359}, {"text": " seconds, the moon is pretty, pretty, how say, benign, short, compared to if", "start": 1388.32, "stop": 1393.98, "id": 360}, {"text": " you're trying to control a robot around Jupiter, you're talking about", "start": 1393.98, "stop": 1397.46, "id": 361}, {"text": " eight minutes or so.", "start": 1397.46, "stop": 1398.96, "id": 362}, {"text": " The signal just to get there. So it's going to be eight", "start": 1398.96, "stop": 1401.72, "id": 363}, {"text": " and eight or 16 minutes to get back.", "start": 1401.72, "stop": 1403.32, "id": 364}, {"text": " So this all gets into it.", "start": 1403.6, "stop": 1405.84, "id": 365}, {"text": " There's also an issue of what we call path loss.", "start": 1406.04, "stop": 1409.44, "id": 366}, {"text": " And I'm not going to spend some time and equations here, but there's a huge", "start": 1409.6, "stop": 1414.36, "id": 367}, {"text": " amount of path loss.", "start": 1414.36, "stop": 1416.5, "id": 368}, {"text": " Now, again, I love to talk about physics and why things happen.", "start": 1417.1, "stop": 1422.6, "id": 369}, {"text": " And people think that there's loss in sending electromagnetic", "start": 1422.6, "stop": 1426.66, "id": 370}, {"text": " electromagnetic waves in space.", "start": 1426.66, "stop": 1428.98, "id": 371}, {"text": " The truth is there's not. There's no loss.", "start": 1429.9, "stop": 1432.4, "id": 372}, {"text": " The incentive signal out in space is lost.", "start": 1433.3, "stop": 1435.52, "id": 373}, {"text": " This is why we can see light from these, you know, quasi stellar objects that", "start": 1435.76, "stop": 1440.38, "id": 374}, {"text": " are, you know, not millions, but billions of light years away, away, because", "start": 1440.38, "stop": 1446.32, "id": 375}, {"text": " there's really no attenuation in space.", "start": 1446.32, "stop": 1450.06, "id": 376}, {"text": " This is an attenuated electromagnetic waves. So you say why do", "start": 1450.4, "stop": 1454.6, "id": 377}, {"text": " electromagnetic waves get weaker?", "start": 1454.6, "stop": 1456.32, "id": 378}, {"text": " Anyone know why electromagnetic waves get weaker?", "start": 1456.46, "stop": 1459.18, "id": 379}, {"text": " No, because I'm saying the atmosphere, or there is a loss.", "start": 1461.84, "stop": 1464.52, "id": 380}, {"text": " Your atmosphere, the faucet atmosphere is thin.", "start": 1465.18, "stop": 1467.08, "id": 381}, {"text": " And if you go up in frequency, our atmosphere becomes transparent.", "start": 1467.62, "stop": 1470.44, "id": 382}, {"text": " You go lower in frequency, this wave spread out. Exactly.", "start": 1470.92, "stop": 1475.84, "id": 383}, {"text": " Think about it. You've got a flashlight.", "start": 1476.18, "stop": 1477.6, "id": 384}, {"text": " You see that flashlight being spread out.", "start": 1477.74, "stop": 1479.98, "id": 385}, {"text": " And the further away you are, the more spread out it is.", "start": 1480.1, "stop": 1483.02, "id": 386}, {"text": " And if you've got a finite side antenna, or a finite side linear eyeball, right,", "start": 1483.4, "stop": 1488.24, "id": 387}, {"text": " finite sides, you only pick up a small percentage.", "start": 1488.38, "stop": 1491.88, "id": 388}, {"text": " The further away you are, the less percentage.", "start": 1492.36, "stop": 1495.34, "id": 389}, {"text": " Again, that's what's called square wall.", "start": 1495.34, "stop": 1498.62, "id": 390}, {"text": " Because it's everything, a lot of things, you see the square wall, and it's", "start": 1499.28, "stop": 1502.22, "id": 391}, {"text": " really just the signal spreading out.", "start": 1502.22, "stop": 1504.42, "id": 392}, {"text": " And so as you go twice the distance away, you only get one fourth of", "start": 1505.24, "stop": 1508.5, "id": 393}, {"text": " the energy because it's spread out on you.", "start": 1508.5, "stop": 1510.06, "id": 394}, {"text": " And the further you go, the less energy that you get.", "start": 1510.36, "stop": 1513.34, "id": 395}, {"text": " So that's where this path loss comes from.", "start": 1513.58, "stop": 1515.7, "id": 396}, {"text": " And these numbers that I have here are very large because", "start": 1516.0, "stop": 1520.32, "id": 397}, {"text": " the signal goes out, it's spread.", "start": 1520.32, "stop": 1522.38, "id": 398}, {"text": " It hits the moon, about 6% of the energy comes back off the moon.", "start": 1522.38, "stop": 1527.72, "id": 399}, {"text": " And that has to do with the material.", "start": 1528.22, "stop": 1529.56, "id": 400}, {"text": " The moon is out, how smooth it is, how flat it is, but roughly 6%.", "start": 1529.82, "stop": 1533.66, "id": 401}, {"text": " But then that signal now is spread out again when it comes back.", "start": 1533.66, "stop": 1538.08, "id": 402}, {"text": " So it's spreading out when it goes the opposite way.", "start": 1538.22, "stop": 1540.22, "id": 403}, {"text": " And it's worse than if you went twice the distance.", "start": 1540.5, "stop": 1544.76, "id": 404}, {"text": " Twice the distance you were already elevated.", "start": 1544.94, "stop": 1547.14, "id": 405}, {"text": " Now, if the moon, though it's not a point, it still causes a", "start": 1547.14, "stop": 1553.28, "id": 406}, {"text": " re-spreading of the signal.", "start": 1553.28, "stop": 1554.86, "id": 407}, {"text": " Like you're starting out at a point, but it affects it and it lowers the loss.", "start": 1555.38, "stop": 1560.14, "id": 408}, {"text": " So it's like having a signal that you send out, and then you re-send the", "start": 1561.12, "stop": 1564.94, "id": 409}, {"text": " energy you have out again.", "start": 1564.94, "stop": 1566.48, "id": 410}, {"text": " So the spreading is a lot worse than if you went twice the distance to the moon,", "start": 1566.88, "stop": 1571.94, "id": 411}, {"text": " which is what you're doing to the moon and back.", "start": 1572.16, "stop": 1573.82, "id": 412}, {"text": " So you get more path loss.", "start": 1574.12, "stop": 1575.98, "id": 413}, {"text": " Anyhow, there's huge path loss.", "start": 1575.98, "stop": 1578.28, "id": 414}, {"text": " And this is a great thing if you like the challenge, because it", "start": 1578.88, "stop": 1582.12, "id": 415}, {"text": " means the signal is really strong.", "start": 1582.12, "stop": 1583.78, "id": 416}, {"text": " And according to this, the higher in frequency you go,", "start": 1584.66, "stop": 1587.28, "id": 417}, {"text": " it looks like the signal is weaker.", "start": 1587.48, "stop": 1589.04, "id": 418}, {"text": " But it isn't actually weaker because the", "start": 1589.48, "stop": 1596.0, "id": 419}, {"text": " path loss equation is built on this concept of having a finite sizing attempt.", "start": 1596.0, "stop": 1602.82, "id": 420}, {"text": " And when you go up in frequency, the antenna gets spoiled.", "start": 1604.3400000000001, "stop": 1608.22, "id": 421}, {"text": " So the antenna intercepts less energy.", "start": 1608.9, "stop": 1611.22, "id": 422}, {"text": " So your path loss appears to go back up.", "start": 1611.9, "stop": 1614.08, "id": 423}, {"text": " If you have two antennas or two systems that are the same size as you go up in", "start": 1614.6, "stop": 1619.88, "id": 424}, {"text": " frequency, you maintain that size.", "start": 1619.88, "stop": 1621.38, "id": 425}, {"text": " Like with a dish, you have a dish antenna receiving and transmitting.", "start": 1621.64, "stop": 1625.26, "id": 426}, {"text": " So when you put a dish, as you go higher in frequency, it's still that same", "start": 1625.54, "stop": 1629.26, "id": 427}, {"text": " number diameter dish, right?", "start": 1629.26, "stop": 1631.18, "id": 428}, {"text": " So it intercepts the same amount of energy.", "start": 1631.18, "stop": 1634.22, "id": 429}, {"text": " You find out that your path loss actually gets less, interestingly, as you", "start": 1634.86, "stop": 1640.48, "id": 430}, {"text": " go higher in frequency.", "start": 1640.48, "stop": 1642.0, "id": 431}, {"text": " Because you're intercepting the same amount of energy on the received side,", "start": 1642.52, "stop": 1649.42, "id": 432}, {"text": " but on the transmit side, the beam becomes smaller.", "start": 1649.7, "stop": 1652.38, "id": 433}, {"text": " I don't want to spend too much time on it.", "start": 1652.72, "stop": 1655.22, "id": 434}, {"text": " I like talking about physics, and you'll see that a very interesting experiment", "start": 1655.22, "stop": 1661.32, "id": 435}, {"text": " to take is take the sun and make up a pinhole like a pinhole camera.", "start": 1661.32, "stop": 1665.94, "id": 436}, {"text": " Make a pinhole for a sheet of paper. The sun is all contaminated and [...]", "start": 1666.66, "stop": 1670.14, "id": 437}, {"text": " So the ratings are parallel about time you get here.", "start": 1670.7, "stop": 1672.96, "id": 438}, {"text": " They go to the pinhole, they start spreading out.", "start": 1673.2, "stop": 1675.4, "id": 439}, {"text": " And the amount of spreading depends on the diameter of the pinhole.", "start": 1676.06, "stop": 1680.8, "id": 440}, {"text": " The pinhole is very big. You don't see any spread. As the pinhole gets", "start": 1680.8, "stop": 1685.5, "id": 441}, {"text": " smaller, you get spreading.", "start": 1685.5, "stop": 1687.3, "id": 442}, {"text": " So the gains is directly related to the gain of an antenna.", "start": 1687.86, "stop": 1691.58, "id": 443}, {"text": " The gain of the antenna comes from the fact that it's concentrating the energy.", "start": 1691.76, "stop": 1695.5, "id": 444}, {"text": " It's not sending the energy into the corrections.", "start": 1695.96, "stop": 1697.8, "id": 445}, {"text": " And that's directly related to the size of the radiating structure.", "start": 1698.44, "stop": 1702.44, "id": 446}, {"text": " And the higher frequency, when you look at this, the narrower the beam is", "start": 1703.1799999999998, "stop": 1708.8, "id": 447}, {"text": " on the transmitting side.", "start": 1708.8, "stop": 1711.06, "id": 448}, {"text": " But on the received side, you're still receiving the same amount of energy.", "start": 1711.12, "stop": 1713.56, "id": 449}, {"text": " So as you go higher in frequency, there's less path loss.", "start": 1713.98, "stop": 1716.18, "id": 450}, {"text": " So there's advantages to going higher in frequency.", "start": 1716.48, "stop": 1719.18, "id": 451}, {"text": " Now, there are other practical limitations.", "start": 1719.42, "stop": 1721.58, "id": 452}, {"text": " But let me go on. I don't want to, as I said, I didn't want to get too", "start": 1722.44, "stop": 1724.84, "id": 453}, {"text": " complicated here to involve.", "start": 1724.84, "stop": 1728.28, "id": 454}, {"text": " We can talk about the technical challenge.", "start": 1728.28, "stop": 1731.72, "id": 455}, {"text": " You want the biggest antenna you can possibly have.", "start": 1732.1, "stop": 1734.58, "id": 456}, {"text": " This happens to be a picture of the antenna I have in my house.", "start": 1734.92, "stop": 1738.14, "id": 457}, {"text": " I've had that up for about 50 years since 1973.", "start": 1738.64, "stop": 1743.76, "id": 458}, {"text": " Amazing. That hasn't fallen on me yet.", "start": 1744.34, "stop": 1748.22, "id": 459}, {"text": " But it's still there.", "start": 1749.78, "stop": 1750.92, "id": 460}, {"text": " That was the largest antenna I could get my hands on back then.", "start": 1752.72, "stop": 1755.84, "id": 461}, {"text": " I actually came from Bell Labs. They were cutting it up.", "start": 1755.84, "stop": 1758.98, "id": 462}, {"text": " And I went there with a bunch of students and we moved it back to my house.", "start": 1759.16, "stop": 1763.04, "id": 463}, {"text": " And then we figured out how to mount it.", "start": 1763.58, "stop": 1765.5, "id": 464}, {"text": " You want the highest power, obviously, you can have now as an amateur, we're", "start": 1766.44, "stop": 1770.16, "id": 465}, {"text": " limited by laws to how high a power we have.", "start": 1770.16, "stop": 1773.76, "id": 466}, {"text": " But as you go higher in frequency, it does become more difficult to generate", "start": 1774.12, "stop": 1777.52, "id": 467}, {"text": " those high powers technically.", "start": 1777.52, "stop": 1780.68, "id": 468}, {"text": " And oops, I skipped over something here.", "start": 1781.82, "stop": 1783.74, "id": 469}, {"text": " You want to have a sensitive receiver as possible.", "start": 1785.74, "stop": 1789.94, "id": 470}, {"text": " And it turns out, I'm going to get technical here, that when you see a signal,", "start": 1791.1, "stop": 1796.16, "id": 471}, {"text": " okay, the thing that limits you is the noise that's present.", "start": 1796.62, "stop": 1801.0, "id": 472}, {"text": " Because if the signal is higher than the noise, then you can hear it.", "start": 1802.36, "stop": 1806.88, "id": 473}, {"text": " But the signal is lower than the noise you can.", "start": 1806.96, "stop": 1808.9, "id": 474}, {"text": " And so what you want to do is you want to have the lowest", "start": 1808.9, "stop": 1811.86, "id": 475}, {"text": " noise contribution you have.", "start": 1811.86, "stop": 1813.9, "id": 476}, {"text": " A part of that noise is contributed by what comes in from space.", "start": 1814.36, "stop": 1819.52, "id": 477}, {"text": " [...] is your antenna, your signal is coming in the antenna, noise", "start": 1820.08, "stop": 1823.36, "id": 478}, {"text": " from space is coming in the antenna.", "start": 1823.36, "stop": 1825.06, "id": 479}, {"text": " And that's frequency dependent.", "start": 1825.48, "stop": 1827.14, "id": 480}, {"text": " It turns out that some plays from around 500 megahertz up to around, starting in", "start": 1827.58, "stop": 1833.58, "id": 481}, {"text": " bigger hertz to around 10 megahertz and even a little higher.", "start": 1833.58, "stop": 1837.98, "id": 482}, {"text": " There's very little noise if you're doing it.", "start": 1837.98, "stop": 1841.82, "id": 483}, {"text": " This is really noise, positive noise, noise that comes in from radio", "start": 1841.82, "stop": 1847.28, "id": 484}, {"text": " stars, things like that.", "start": 1847.28, "stop": 1848.78, "id": 485}, {"text": " And there's very little noise contributed.", "start": 1849.24, "stop": 1851.4, "id": 486}, {"text": " It's like that.", "start": 1851.88, "stop": 1852.18, "id": 487}, {"text": " It's referred to as a radio signal.", "start": 1852.5, "stop": 1853.66, "id": 488}, {"text": " So your noise can be an antenna.", "start": 1854.16, "stop": 1856.66, "id": 489}, {"text": " There's some, but it's really developed and low.", "start": 1857.28, "stop": 1859.62, "id": 490}, {"text": " But most of the noise contributed by what used to amplify the signal.", "start": 1860.12, "stop": 1865.12, "id": 491}, {"text": " And what you want to do is design that receiver so it contributes as little", "start": 1865.12, "stop": 1871.48, "id": 492}, {"text": " noise as you possibly can.", "start": 1871.48, "stop": 1874.2, "id": 493}, {"text": " And again, this is a topic we could get into.", "start": 1874.76, "stop": 1876.5, "id": 494}, {"text": " Radio astronomers pull their receivers down to almost absolute zero because it", "start": 1877.04, "stop": 1883.94, "id": 495}, {"text": " turns out that noise depends on temperature.", "start": 1883.94, "stop": 1886.7, "id": 496}, {"text": " And the higher the temperature something's at, the more the", "start": 1887.3, "stop": 1890.52, "id": 497}, {"text": " electrons move around.", "start": 1890.52, "stop": 1892.06, "id": 498}, {"text": " Second law of thermodynamics, the more noise you get.", "start": 1892.06, "stop": 1895.18, "id": 499}, {"text": " So anyhow, you want to get the lowest possible noise contribution.", "start": 1901.9199999999998, "stop": 1906.36, "id": 500}, {"text": " Excuse me.", "start": 1907.9, "stop": 1908.74, "id": 501}, {"text": " Yeah, K T.", "start": 1909.88, "stop": 1911.38, "id": 502}, {"text": " I usually say K T B.", "start": 1912.14, "stop": 1914.38, "id": 503}, {"text": " You'll get the ultimate's constant.", "start": 1914.38, "stop": 1915.72, "id": 504}, {"text": " You'll get that physics, the temperature that you're at,", "start": 1916.12, "stop": 1919.12, "id": 505}, {"text": " and the bandwidth you're listening over.", "start": 1919.12, "stop": 1921.36, "id": 506}, {"text": " That you have some control over.", "start": 1921.96, "stop": 1923.94, "id": 507}, {"text": " But it's the reason if you're sending a lot of information, you have to have a", "start": 1924.28, "stop": 1929.44, "id": 508}, {"text": " lot of bandwidth to do that.", "start": 1929.44, "stop": 1930.94, "id": 509}, {"text": " And so what is the take?", "start": 1931.54, "stop": 1936.42, "id": 510}, {"text": " And I just say if you want to be a big gun, you've got to do all of this.", "start": 1936.42, "stop": 1940.74, "id": 511}, {"text": " You can even talk in terms of single sideband.", "start": 1941.56, "stop": 1945.48, "id": 512}, {"text": " But most of the operation today on Moonbounce is being done digitally.", "start": 1946.1, "stop": 1952.28, "id": 513}, {"text": " People have developed digital software.", "start": 1952.92, "stop": 1955.06, "id": 514}, {"text": " One fellow in particular also is in New Jersey, interestingly a lot.", "start": 1955.3, "stop": 1960.22, "id": 515}, {"text": " By the name of Joe Taylor, one of my neighbors literally.", "start": 1960.22, "stop": 1963.82, "id": 516}, {"text": " And he has a Nobel Prize.", "start": 1964.92, "stop": 1966.34, "id": 517}, {"text": " But when he's not working on his Nobel Prize in physics, he spends time", "start": 1966.6, "stop": 1971.46, "id": 518}, {"text": " developing software for radio amateurs.", "start": 1971.46, "stop": 1974.78, "id": 519}, {"text": " And he's developed the whole technique to digitally communicate, but gives you", "start": 1975.02, "stop": 1980.82, "id": 520}, {"text": " effectively very, very narrow bandwidth to communicate and can", "start": 1980.82, "stop": 1984.34, "id": 521}, {"text": " become very efficient.", "start": 1984.34, "stop": 1985.86, "id": 522}, {"text": " More efficient than even using your ears.", "start": 1985.86, "stop": 1988.1, "id": 523}, {"text": " And the gold standard was Morse code.", "start": 1988.28, "stop": 1990.38, "id": 524}, {"text": " You send Morse code, you make the signal very narrow.", "start": 1990.4, "stop": 1993.12, "id": 525}, {"text": " You can listen to it.", "start": 1993.52, "stop": 1994.34, "id": 526}, {"text": " People are very good.", "start": 1994.46, "stop": 1995.28, "id": 527}, {"text": " But if you use digital processing techniques today, you can even beat what you do", "start": 1995.72, "stop": 2000.62, "id": 528}, {"text": " with a Morse code reception, which as it used to be, the gold standard of", "start": 2000.62, "stop": 2006.02, "id": 529}, {"text": " receiving the signals.", "start": 2006.02, "stop": 2007.6, "id": 530}, {"text": " And much of the EME operation today, a large percentage of it is done using", "start": 2007.6, "stop": 2014.52, "id": 531}, {"text": " these digital techniques at this particular time.", "start": 2014.52, "stop": 2018.04, "id": 532}, {"text": " But there's still people who like doing things the hard way.", "start": 2018.42, "stop": 2020.92, "id": 533}, {"text": " You're always going to have that.", "start": 2021.32, "stop": 2022.48, "id": 534}, {"text": " And the hard way can be a challenge that will make contacts via CW.", "start": 2023.18, "stop": 2028.54, "id": 535}, {"text": " And I should say, hams know what I mean.", "start": 2029.08, "stop": 2030.9, "id": 536}, {"text": " Does anyone know?", "start": 2030.9, "stop": 2031.4, "id": 537}, {"text": " A lot of you don't know what I mean by CW.", "start": 2031.68, "stop": 2033.2, "id": 538}, {"text": " CW is the thing that you hear da, da, da, da, da, da, for the key.", "start": 2033.82, "stop": 2037.96, "id": 539}, {"text": " That's called CW.", "start": 2038.62, "stop": 2039.6, "id": 540}, {"text": " And it may sound strange.", "start": 2039.88, "stop": 2040.88, "id": 541}, {"text": " Why is it called CW?", "start": 2041.92, "stop": 2045.4, "id": 542}, {"text": " And it goes back historically when they first started to send radio signals, they", "start": 2045.7, "stop": 2051.86, "id": 543}, {"text": " send them by a technique called squat.", "start": 2051.86, "stop": 2053.72, "id": 544}, {"text": " They discovered that when you have a squat, jump,", "start": 2054.18, "stop": 2057.7, "id": 545}, {"text": " to be able to produce the squat.", "start": 2058.0, "stop": 2059.94, "id": 546}, {"text": " And the [...] the waves.", "start": 2059.94, "stop": 2062.2200000000003, "id": 547}, {"text": " And it was all waves.", "start": 2062.66, "stop": 2063.32, "id": 548}, {"text": " But that's how, that's what Mark Honely [...]", "start": 2064.14, "stop": 2066.16, "id": 549}, {"text": " He was producing the squat transmitter and using [...]", "start": 2066.46, "stop": 2070.04, "id": 550}, {"text": " But it was basically all frequencies coming out of the transmitter.", "start": 2070.34, "stop": 2075.24, "id": 551}, {"text": " It was a very noisy phenomenon.", "start": 2075.44, "stop": 2077.1, "id": 552}, {"text": " And that's how radio began using squat transmission.", "start": 2077.68, "stop": 2081.66, "id": 553}, {"text": " And so people realized that if you could send a sinusoidal wave,", "start": 2081.66, "stop": 2087.36, "id": 554}, {"text": " this continuous tone, and that's where it comes from, CW, continuous wave, you're", "start": 2089.0, "stop": 2093.6, "id": 555}, {"text": " sending a nice, continuous, sinusoidal signal.", "start": 2093.6, "stop": 2096.8, "id": 556}, {"text": " And this occupied, essentially, zero frequency.", "start": 2097.26, "stop": 2100.12, "id": 557}, {"text": " You have a very narrow band signal, which means in your", "start": 2100.12, "stop": 2106.72, "id": 558}, {"text": " equation, it seems, hey, these are very narrow band.", "start": 2106.72, "stop": 2110.02, "id": 559}, {"text": " You find that the limitation becomes one of your ears and hearing things like", "start": 2110.24, "stop": 2116.06, "id": 560}, {"text": " that, not the exact filter that you got.", "start": 2116.06, "stop": 2120.46, "id": 561}, {"text": " So that became the dominant way of communicating.", "start": 2120.86, "stop": 2123.86, "id": 562}, {"text": " But initially, the radio began to [...]-done using the squat.", "start": 2123.86, "stop": 2127.7, "id": 563}, {"text": " [...] really sent the squat.", "start": 2127.88, "stop": 2129.64, "id": 564}, {"text": " It's like the squat wasn't one of the team's, the squat was not at all.", "start": 2129.82, "stop": 2133.44, "id": 565}, {"text": " Produced the noise that you would see when that was a signal.", "start": 2133.94, "stop": 2136.6, "id": 566}, {"text": " And then when they figured out how to make this thing as a continuous", "start": 2137.18, "stop": 2140.0, "id": 567}, {"text": " wave, then it became CW.", "start": 2140.0, "stop": 2142.08, "id": 568}, {"text": " And that term has stayed with us, even though it's not obvious what does someone", "start": 2142.88, "stop": 2148.34, "id": 569}, {"text": " mean by CW with the delay.", "start": 2148.34, "stop": 2150.04, "id": 570}, {"text": " It continues.", "start": 2150.24, "stop": 2150.92, "id": 571}, {"text": " I got to change it.", "start": 2151.1, "stop": 2151.76, "id": 572}, {"text": " I got to turn it on and off.", "start": 2151.82, "stop": 2152.84, "id": 573}, {"text": " And so there's a lot of different ways to do this.", "start": 2152.84, "stop": 2157.8, "id": 574}, {"text": " And I'm talking here because I'm trying to get people interested in this and", "start": 2160.76, "stop": 2165.32, "id": 575}, {"text": " saying how little an antenna that you need to make", "start": 2165.32, "stop": 2170.76, "id": 576}, {"text": " contacts off the moon.", "start": 2170.76, "stop": 2173.46, "id": 577}, {"text": " And I'm saying here that I was when I started out at the 1296", "start": 2173.46, "stop": 2180.34, "id": 578}, {"text": " megahertz band, which is a wavelength of about like that.", "start": 2180.34, "stop": 2186.34, "id": 579}, {"text": " It's about 30 centimeters actually, or close to it.", "start": 2186.44, "stop": 2191.72, "id": 580}, {"text": " That I started experimenting with Joe Taylor's digital.", "start": 2192.04, "stop": 2196.08, "id": 581}, {"text": " And I was amazed that it didn't take very much to work someone.", "start": 2196.08, "stop": 2202.36, "id": 582}, {"text": " Here is an example of one of the first stations I worked.", "start": 2202.36, "stop": 2205.5, "id": 583}, {"text": " I first using digital techniques.", "start": 2206.02, "stop": 2208.78, "id": 584}, {"text": " And this was with a fellow OH3MCK, that's his call letters.", "start": 2212.02, "stop": 2217.6, "id": 585}, {"text": " He was in Finland.", "start": 2218.24, "stop": 2219.96, "id": 586}, {"text": " Okay. Come on.", "start": 2220.5, "stop": 2221.5, "id": 587}, {"text": " And he was using 40 watts, where I was using like a thousand watts or so close to", "start": 2221.96, "stop": 2228.48, "id": 588}, {"text": " that to make that contact.", "start": 2228.48, "stop": 2230.06, "id": 589}, {"text": " And it becomes much easier.", "start": 2230.34, "stop": 2231.88, "id": 590}, {"text": " And I'm just going to give you some example.", "start": 2231.88, "stop": 2233.88, "id": 591}, {"text": " This is a relatively small antenna here.", "start": 2234.28, "stop": 2237.14, "id": 592}, {"text": " And, of course, when I ask questions, I say, Where do you think this is", "start": 2238.58, "stop": 2242.16, "id": 593}, {"text": " happening in my class?", "start": 2242.16, "stop": 2244.0, "id": 594}, {"text": " And of course, the answer to the question is usually right on the screen, right?", "start": 2244.88, "stop": 2250.14, "id": 595}, {"text": " So this obviously happened in the South Pole.", "start": 2251.02, "stop": 2253.76, "id": 596}, {"text": " This fellow was down here as an experimenter, not in radio, but down at the South", "start": 2254.18, "stop": 2260.04, "id": 597}, {"text": " Pole and he brought his radio equipment with him.", "start": 2260.04, "stop": 2261.68, "id": 598}, {"text": " And he put the South Pole on the 1296 band.", "start": 2261.68, "stop": 2265.98, "id": 599}, {"text": " So it's another country, another continent, Antarctica for people.", "start": 2266.14, "stop": 2270.26, "id": 600}, {"text": " And that uses a little antenna that he stuck out in the south literally and was", "start": 2270.7, "stop": 2276.2, "id": 601}, {"text": " down there as well as a German explorer.", "start": 2276.2, "stop": 2279.28, "id": 602}, {"text": " And I'm just showing you what's needed.", "start": 2279.28, "stop": 2282.16, "id": 603}, {"text": " Here is an antenna from a fellow in Belarus.", "start": 2282.56, "stop": 2289.54, "id": 604}, {"text": " And he's got his antenna on his balcony.", "start": 2291.6200000000003, "stop": 2294.74, "id": 605}, {"text": " He's got a 1.2 meter dish.", "start": 2295.46, "stop": 2298.5, "id": 606}, {"text": " Actually, he was making contacts on CW because I don't like to say that you have", "start": 2299.32, "stop": 2304.18, "id": 607}, {"text": " to just do things the easy way or the easier way.", "start": 2304.18, "stop": 2307.34, "id": 608}, {"text": " You can also work some of these smaller stations using the old fashioned way with", "start": 2307.34, "stop": 2312.78, "id": 609}, {"text": " Morse code or even single side band in some cases.", "start": 2312.78, "stop": 2315.9, "id": 610}, {"text": " And I should correct my self theorem.", "start": 2318.54, "stop": 2321.02, "id": 611}, {"text": " She's saying, What do I mean by single side band?", "start": 2321.34, "stop": 2323.7, "id": 612}, {"text": " And how many people know even knows what I know.", "start": 2324.58, "stop": 2327.06, "id": 613}, {"text": " I had a question.", "start": 2327.38, "stop": 2328.22, "id": 614}, {"text": " Could you explain that something before you about the lunar land?", "start": 2328.68, "stop": 2332.46, "id": 615}, {"text": " Well, what do you want to know about the lunar lander?", "start": 2333.54, "stop": 2336.38, "id": 616}, {"text": " [...] think general population terms.", "start": 2336.38, "stop": 2340.94, "id": 617}, {"text": " There's a lot of the work [...] was doing.", "start": 2341.82, "stop": 2343.84, "id": 618}, {"text": " Well, I know it's hard for me to answer that question.", "start": 2345.48, "stop": 2349.04, "id": 619}, {"text": " Let me finish this up and I'll come back.", "start": 2349.22, "stop": 2350.74, "id": 620}, {"text": " And I'm going to try and speed up here and finish up.", "start": 2351.32, "stop": 2353.78, "id": 621}, {"text": " We're not too bad, but I got to be done in a few minutes.", "start": 2353.96, "stop": 2358.62, "id": 622}, {"text": " I keep on on top of this and I'm going to continue just showing you small", "start": 2358.62, "stop": 2364.26, "id": 623}, {"text": " antennas is actually a TV antenna that someone's developed or applied and", "start": 2364.26, "stop": 2371.06, "id": 624}, {"text": " shows that you can work these very small antennas off the moon.", "start": 2371.06, "stop": 2375.62, "id": 625}, {"text": " So you don't have to invest in big antennas.", "start": 2376.04, "stop": 2379.18, "id": 626}, {"text": " This is a friend of mine. He was a college student at the time. This picture was", "start": 2379.18, "stop": 2384.52, "id": 627}, {"text": " made and he traveled around and he had this relatively warm", "start": 2384.52, "stop": 2391.1, "id": 628}, {"text": " antenna and broke it up and carrying his car and traveled around Europe", "start": 2391.1, "stop": 2394.48, "id": 629}, {"text": " and set up.", "start": 2394.48, "stop": 2396.52, "id": 630}, {"text": " He is right now in this picture in Monaco.", "start": 2398.0, "stop": 2401.88, "id": 631}, {"text": " So he drove Monaco. No one's around and drove there late nights we", "start": 2402.98, "stop": 2406.1, "id": 632}, {"text": " can set up right in the center of the town.", "start": 2406.1, "stop": 2407.62, "id": 633}, {"text": " Took his antenna out stuck it on a on a a poly to lash it to and went", "start": 2408.28, "stop": 2413.46, "id": 634}, {"text": " on to work a bunch of people from Monaco.", "start": 2413.46, "stop": 2415.1, "id": 635}, {"text": " I was worried that he might get stopped or something by the police and he", "start": 2416.24, "stop": 2420.02, "id": 636}, {"text": " did that it went all over the place.", "start": 2420.02, "stop": 2421.52, "id": 637}, {"text": " And where are places actually I should go. I can go back.", "start": 2422.5, "stop": 2426.38, "id": 638}, {"text": " I was going to go back and this over here. The picture over here here is here is", "start": 2427.6, "stop": 2433.6, "id": 639}, {"text": " him setting the same thing up pulling the same trick and San Marino.", "start": 2433.6, "stop": 2437.46, "id": 640}, {"text": " He's not he doesn't do as much now he got married and this is these all these are", "start": 2438.22, "stop": 2444.94, "id": 641}, {"text": " antennas are all at at 23 centimeters. Okay.", "start": 2444.94, "stop": 2449.0, "id": 642}, {"text": " That's the 1296 amateur band. It's a little bit above one gigahertz 1", "start": 2449.78, "stop": 2456.38, "id": 643}, {"text": ".3 gigahertz would be a you think about a gigahertz is a thousand megahertz", "start": 2456.38, "stop": 2462.6, "id": 644}, {"text": " for every one year and.", "start": 2462.6, "stop": 2464.2, "id": 645}, {"text": " So and I even got involved with this. This shows me right over here when I was", "start": 2464.9599999999996, "stop": 2471.66, "id": 646}, {"text": " operating in Bermuda and my approach was not to use the Yagi but to use I've", "start": 2471.66, "stop": 2477.2, "id": 647}, {"text": " always got involved since high school and the stress dishes.", "start": 2477.2, "stop": 2480.12, "id": 648}, {"text": " So that's a small stress dish that I use where I was in the parking lot behind", "start": 2480.34, "stop": 2486.26, "id": 649}, {"text": " the hotel near their motors.", "start": 2486.26, "stop": 2489.22, "id": 650}, {"text": " Scooter building I this is just a thing that to hold umbrellas.", "start": 2489.22, "stop": 2495.58, "id": 651}, {"text": " So that's where I put my antenna up. And this is the antenna it the whole thing", "start": 2496.16, "stop": 2502.74, "id": 652}, {"text": " was, you know, carry on type luggage.", "start": 2502.74, "stop": 2504.58, "id": 653}, {"text": " We took the whole station there and you can see my wife is cooperative sometimes", "start": 2505.78, "stop": 2509.88, "id": 654}, {"text": " moving this so.", "start": 2509.88, "stop": 2512.9, "id": 655}, {"text": " So there's all sorts of fun things you can do. We've done", "start": 2512.9, "stop": 2519.58, "id": 656}, {"text": " a number of different countries using this.", "start": 2519.58, "stop": 2522.54, "id": 657}, {"text": " I'm just going to show you these just other examples of small antennas that", "start": 2523.86, "stop": 2527.78, "id": 658}, {"text": " people that have used. We're not talking about this is a meter right.", "start": 2527.78, "stop": 2531.9, "id": 659}, {"text": " So we're talking about antennas that are, you know, are reasonable, the small", "start": 2531.9, "stop": 2537.24, "id": 660}, {"text": " size that you can make up and work. Here's another one.", "start": 2537.24, "stop": 2541.58, "id": 661}, {"text": " This one is being used. We've got higher in frequency. Higher in frequency you", "start": 2542.48, "stop": 2546.92, "id": 662}, {"text": " go. The smaller the antennas you can get by with. But from most radio amateurs,", "start": 2546.92, "stop": 2552.94, "id": 663}, {"text": " it's relatively easy to get on 1296 today.", "start": 2553.56, "stop": 2556.6, "id": 664}, {"text": " It is readily available. And without my message here is you don't need a real big", "start": 2556.6, "stop": 2561.92, "id": 665}, {"text": " antenna to go out and start making contacts and working all around the world.", "start": 2561.92, "stop": 2568.38, "id": 666}, {"text": " Though I'm showing other options. This really this slide is really can only", "start": 2568.88, "stop": 2575.68, "id": 667}, {"text": " probably be appreciated by people who are active in amateur radio.", "start": 2575.68, "stop": 2579.92, "id": 668}, {"text": " This shows a yaggy antenna. Those things with those little wires coming out. This", "start": 2580.94, "stop": 2587.4, "id": 669}, {"text": " is for three centimeters. So you can't see it there but the active elements with", "start": 2587.4, "stop": 2591.74, "id": 670}, {"text": " little tiny little things are a little stand.", "start": 2591.74, "stop": 2594.16, "id": 671}, {"text": " And they're making this yaggy antenna work at three centimeters and you see", "start": 2595.78, "stop": 2600.4, "id": 672}, {"text": " signals off the moon. It's kind of a close up of the antenna.", "start": 2600.4, "stop": 2607.22, "id": 673}, {"text": " As you can see more of what it is. And", "start": 2607.22, "stop": 2612.38, "id": 674}, {"text": " there, this is a station in Australia. He's worked a lot of different places. And", "start": 2612.38, "stop": 2619.22, "id": 675}, {"text": " he's used the yaggy antenna to receive signals up there though most of the time", "start": 2619.22, "stop": 2623.6, "id": 676}, {"text": " he uses a dish, I much must say.", "start": 2623.6, "stop": 2626.02, "id": 677}, {"text": " This is another example of a small antenna. This one over here is a half a meter.", "start": 2626.02, "stop": 2632.68, "id": 678}, {"text": " But this was demonstrated at one of the conferences I was at and he was showing", "start": 2633.44, "stop": 2638.98, "id": 679}, {"text": " you could use this half a meter antenna to receive a beacon station.", "start": 2638.98, "stop": 2644.2, "id": 680}, {"text": " That's a station that's continuously transmitting a signal off the moon, even", "start": 2644.2, "stop": 2648.8, "id": 681}, {"text": " though this is only a half a meter in size. So there are a lot of", "start": 2648.8, "stop": 2654.76, "id": 682}, {"text": " possibilities.", "start": 2654.76, "stop": 2656.84, "id": 683}, {"text": " Now, I'm going to jump over this. This talks about digital basics. Some of the", "start": 2657.56, "stop": 2662.86, "id": 684}, {"text": " things that should catch your eye here is W1JR Joe Taylor. He's the one who", "start": 2662.86, "stop": 2667.72, "id": 685}, {"text": " started this whole thing off and came up with this very popular system. By", "start": 2667.72, "stop": 2674.66, "id": 686}, {"text": " the way, interesting, we talk about amateur radio today that this started out in", "start": 2674.66, "stop": 2680.72, "id": 687}, {"text": " the RF and microwave frequencies, but JT digital communications because it's so", "start": 2680.72, "stop": 2687.36, "id": 688}, {"text": " easy to do has taken over HF.", "start": 2687.36, "stop": 2689.9, "id": 689}, {"text": " And I'd say the majority of HF today is now being done. I say HF, this is a short", "start": 2689.9, "stop": 2696.54, "id": 690}, {"text": " way to answer. People spend their time, it's easy to work using the atmosphere or", "start": 2696.54, "stop": 2701.1, "id": 691}, {"text": " long distances, but they've adapted using digital techniques too because they're", "start": 2701.1, "stop": 2706.42, "id": 692}, {"text": " just interested in getting this new country.", "start": 2706.42, "stop": 2708.12, "id": 693}, {"text": " And if they can do it easily, digitally easier than using CW or voice, it", "start": 2708.12, "stop": 2715.04, "id": 694}, {"text": " has become very, very, very, very popular. And I'm just", "start": 2715.04, "stop": 2721.46, "id": 695}, {"text": " here getting into some of the practical aspects of operating digital, what the", "start": 2721.46, "stop": 2727.34, "id": 696}, {"text": " screen looks like and the information you have and that you can", "start": 2727.34, "stop": 2733.04, "id": 697}, {"text": " make this thing work.", "start": 2733.04, "stop": 2734.56, "id": 698}, {"text": " This is some different technologies that are used depending on the frequency that", "start": 2735.82, "stop": 2741.08, "id": 699}, {"text": " you're operating at. And this is a mode that was developed for very, very high", "start": 2741.08, "stop": 2746.18, "id": 700}, {"text": " frequency and it shows a signal station that I worked in in Hungary using a", "start": 2746.18, "stop": 2752.86, "id": 701}, {"text": " 76 centimeter.", "start": 2752.86, "stop": 2754.56, "id": 702}, {"text": " So it's about three quarters of a meter dish on three centimeter, on the three", "start": 2754.56, "stop": 2760.08, "id": 703}, {"text": " centimeter band. And I can go on and show other things. This is a station with", "start": 2760.08, "stop": 2765.48, "id": 704}, {"text": " two Yagi's in Taiwan. China is, by the way, quite active on EME.", "start": 2765.48, "stop": 2771.52, "id": 705}, {"text": " The Chinese have realized the importance of technology and that amateur radio is", "start": 2771.52, "stop": 2778.14, "id": 706}, {"text": " a good way to get technology among their citizens. So now there's a lot of", "start": 2778.14, "stop": 2784.36, "id": 707}, {"text": " microwave and higher frequency amateur radio work being done by the Chinese,", "start": 2784.36, "stop": 2790.14, "id": 708}, {"text": " which didn't happen before.", "start": 2790.3, "stop": 2791.83, "id": 709}, {"text": " And, you know, EME, as I say, is a fascinating propagation. I'm giving a lot of", "start": 2793.93, "stop": 2799.73, "id": 710}, {"text": " details here that make why if something's too easy, there's no point in doing", "start": 2799.73, "stop": 2804.17, "id": 711}, {"text": " right. So, but it's not that easy.", "start": 2804.17, "stop": 2806.85, "id": 712}, {"text": " There are things you've got to know, there's tricks you have to apply and learn.", "start": 2806.85, "stop": 2811.27, "id": 713}, {"text": " When you bounce signal off the moon, you run through this whole document.", "start": 2811.91, "stop": 2814.53, "id": 714}, {"text": " Everyone knows about the train this whistle.", "start": 2814.85, "stop": 2816.81, "id": 715}, {"text": " You're trained by the frequency of the whistle changes. The same thing when you", "start": 2817.01, "stop": 2821.33, "id": 716}, {"text": " bounce the signal off the saddle for the moon, its frequency changes. So you got", "start": 2821.33, "stop": 2825.35, "id": 717}, {"text": " to be able to correct and take care of the accomplish dip.", "start": 2825.35, "stop": 2828.59, "id": 718}, {"text": " You got to understand the effects of sky noise in the background. You know, you", "start": 2828.59, "stop": 2833.83, "id": 719}, {"text": " don't want to operate in the middle of the Milky Way because a lot of noisy stars", "start": 2833.83, "stop": 2837.33, "id": 720}, {"text": " over there when the moon is there.", "start": 2837.33, "stop": 2839.11, "id": 721}, {"text": " There are certain frequencies. There's Faraday rotation, which means the", "start": 2839.95, "stop": 2844.59, "id": 722}, {"text": " polarization of your signal. I have a good way of illustrating this, but it's", "start": 2844.59, "stop": 2848.67, "id": 723}, {"text": " rotated when you go through the atmosphere.", "start": 2848.67, "stop": 2850.67, "id": 724}, {"text": " In fact, discovered by Faraday, there is lunar or vibrations, which now", "start": 2850.67, "stop": 2857.47, "id": 725}, {"text": " people are smart. They calculate. This means that depending on the angles and the", "start": 2857.47, "stop": 2861.17, "id": 726}, {"text": " way the moon is moving, you get less of this variation.", "start": 2861.17, "stop": 2866.65, "id": 727}, {"text": " The signal off the moon is called vibrations through the walking of the moon. The", "start": 2866.97, "stop": 2870.79, "id": 728}, {"text": " moon rocks. It's not obvious. You look at the orbit of the earth and the", "start": 2870.79, "stop": 2874.15, "id": 729}, {"text": " moon. The moon is actually rocking.", "start": 2874.15, "stop": 2875.79, "id": 730}, {"text": " And that rocking only takes a little bit because of the moon's surface is not", "start": 2875.79, "stop": 2880.51, "id": 731}, {"text": " smooth. And that changes the signal that comes back to you.", "start": 2880.51, "stop": 2884.59, "id": 732}, {"text": " And so you want to operate, if you can, where the vibration effect is as low,", "start": 2884.93, "stop": 2890.33, "id": 733}, {"text": " slow as possible. So your signal doesn't get all broken up.", "start": 2890.63, "stop": 2895.39, "id": 734}, {"text": " So this brings me to the end and the key points that I want to", "start": 2895.39, "stop": 2901.81, "id": 735}, {"text": " make here, that EME is challenging, but all you need is a YAGI or a small dish if", "start": 2901.81, "stop": 2908.17, "id": 736}, {"text": " you're an amateur radio operator, if you're not a radio amateur, or you need to", "start": 2908.17, "stop": 2911.53, "id": 737}, {"text": " get your license, then you can do this relatively easy.", "start": 2911.53, "stop": 2913.99, "id": 738}, {"text": " Well, you can use your tech license for these frequencies and you can still be a", "start": 2913.99, "stop": 2918.49, "id": 739}, {"text": " big gun, as they say. It's pretty easy with big stations, but there's", "start": 2918.49, "stop": 2924.49, "id": 740}, {"text": " still a lot to it.", "start": 2924.49, "stop": 2926.01, "id": 741}, {"text": " And I just illustrate some of the things I was saying before, accurate frequency,", "start": 2926.91, "stop": 2930.47, "id": 742}, {"text": " time. You got to be able to point your antenna at the moon. You got to consider", "start": 2930.95, "stop": 2934.63, "id": 743}, {"text": " the Doppler effect. You got to consider polarization effects.", "start": 2934.63, "stop": 2938.39, "id": 744}, {"text": " They will enter into the playing the game. So you got to get out besides the", "start": 2938.39, "stop": 2943.35, "id": 745}, {"text": " rules. You've got to understand how to apply the rules to be effective.", "start": 2943.35, "stop": 2947.81, "id": 746}, {"text": " But a weak station, all the above, plus must understand how to use the using", "start": 2948.37, "stop": 2954.83, "id": 747}, {"text": " digital technology, understand the limits of the digital technology that you're", "start": 2954.83, "stop": 2960.21, "id": 748}, {"text": " using, and you can go further.", "start": 2960.21, "stop": 2961.99, "id": 749}, {"text": " And there's a, the rest of this is more technical. This is just a frequency I'm", "start": 2964.67, "stop": 2970.65, "id": 750}, {"text": " telling people to operate on. I do a newsletter for people to bounce radio", "start": 2970.65, "stop": 2976.37, "id": 751}, {"text": " signals off the moon at the higher frequencies.", "start": 2976.37, "stop": 2978.83, "id": 752}, {"text": " And that means 432 or 70 centimeters above. I do this newsletter. I've", "start": 2980.07, "stop": 2984.85, "id": 753}, {"text": " been doing it for almost 15 years.", "start": 2984.85, "stop": 2986.79, "id": 754}, {"text": " And that's just the link to it. Anyone emails me and be happy to send it. You can", "start": 2988.31, "stop": 2993.01, "id": 755}, {"text": " just do a search on my call letters and EME, and you can find the newsletter.", "start": 2993.01, "stop": 2998.05, "id": 756}, {"text": " It's, it has its own page where it's kept. And I'm going to stop here.", "start": 2998.35, "stop": 3004.13, "id": 757}, {"text": " Excuse me.", "start": 3005.49, "stop": 3006.19, "id": 758}, {"text": " [...] will make up for acting. Yes, if you go to a particular frequency that a", "start": 3006.19, "stop": 3013.05, "id": 759}, {"text": " lot of the digital activity is centered on 70 kilohertz above the frequency.", "start": 3013.05, "stop": 3020.01, "id": 760}, {"text": " So, this would be this being 14070.", "start": 3020.01, "stop": 3024.79, "id": 761}, {"text": " It was 432. Oh, seven, etc.", "start": 3025.25, "stop": 3029.85, "id": 762}, {"text": " It's really that first hundred kilohertz of frequency, because you can operate", "start": 3031.01, "stop": 3035.63, "id": 763}, {"text": " over a very narrow bandwidth, and people will spread out. That's kind of like", "start": 3035.63, "stop": 3040.47, "id": 764}, {"text": " where you don't know, you're on your own opinions and you look at all second.", "start": 3040.47, "stop": 3044.93, "id": 765}, {"text": " Question and your question was on the lunar lander.", "start": 3048.21, "stop": 3050.87, "id": 766}, {"text": " Well, the lunar lander, I don't think is operational right now.", "start": 3054.2100000000005, "stop": 3059.63, "id": 767}, {"text": " It was, but when they left the module on.", "start": 3060.17, "stop": 3065.83, "id": 768}, {"text": " They didn't.", "start": 3066.89, "stop": 3067.89, "id": 769}, {"text": " I'm trying to remember the things I left on the moon. They didn't leave the lunar", "start": 3068.71, "stop": 3072.61, "id": 770}, {"text": " lander went back up, but they didn't leave some interesting items on the", "start": 3072.61, "stop": 3079.43, "id": 771}, {"text": " moon that help communications.", "start": 3079.43, "stop": 3082.23, "id": 772}, {"text": " Offered these boxes on the moon.", "start": 3083.23, "stop": 3087.51, "id": 773}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3087.75, "stop": 3090.51, "id": 774}, {"text": " It's really great keynote here.", "start": 3091.09, "stop": 3093.61, "id": 775}, {"text": " But when you have a signal, what's up?", "start": 3094.17, "stop": 3096.43, "id": 776}, {"text": " The room, they have these types of triangular type boxes.", "start": 3097.09, "stop": 3102.31, "id": 777}, {"text": " It's very interesting.", "start": 3103.27, "stop": 3103.89, "id": 778}, {"text": " Basically, it's this three dimensional box, and it's reflected", "start": 3103.89, "stop": 3110.85, "id": 779}, {"text": " on its reflected back in the same direction.", "start": 3110.85, "stop": 3113.17, "id": 780}, {"text": " So, if you're never designed for lasers.", "start": 3114.79, "stop": 3117.97, "id": 781}, {"text": " So if you send a laser up, if you have a high power laser and hit one of these", "start": 3118.75, "stop": 3124.25, "id": 782}, {"text": " reflectors that are left on the moon, you can make very accurate measurements.", "start": 3124.25, "stop": 3128.57, "id": 783}, {"text": " The time it takes to send the laser to move up there and those are still present", "start": 3128.57, "stop": 3133.47, "id": 784}, {"text": " and working on the moon.", "start": 3133.47, "stop": 3136.73, "id": 785}, {"text": " I don't know if an interesting putting transmitters and repeaters on the moon", "start": 3137.47, "stop": 3141.99, "id": 786}, {"text": " itself, but I don't know if any repeaters on the moon right now", "start": 3141.99, "stop": 3146.25, "id": 787}, {"text": " that are currently working.", "start": 3146.25, "stop": 3147.7900000000004, "id": 788}, {"text": " That's something [...]", "start": 3147.79, "stop": 3149.47, "id": 789}, {"text": " It's not that going well, who was interested in doing the repeater on the moon.", "start": 3150.45, "stop": 3155.13, "id": 790}, {"text": " We're excited.", "start": 3155.35, "stop": 3155.93, "id": 791}, {"text": " The sun was interesting.", "start": 3156.27, "stop": 3157.01, "id": 792}, {"text": " [...] before it did they actually have a repeat.", "start": 3157.63, "stop": 3160.59, "id": 793}, {"text": " No, there was a fella was since passed away Nick Marshall.", "start": 3160.85, "stop": 3164.57, "id": 794}, {"text": " But he said, well, we tried this whole project movement.", "start": 3165.05, "stop": 3168.43, "id": 795}, {"text": " And we tried to get funding.", "start": 3168.87, "stop": 3170.03, "id": 796}, {"text": " But the repeater on the moon itself.", "start": 3170.69, "stop": 3174.05, "id": 797}, {"text": " You know, there's a lot.", "start": 3174.9300000000003, "stop": 3176.67, "id": 798}, {"text": " We don't have time.", "start": 3176.79, "stop": 3179.23, "id": 799}, {"text": " I'm up to sit here and talk about satellites.", "start": 3179.23, "stop": 3182.09, "id": 800}, {"text": " Like you probably have never heard of the launch.", "start": 3184.01, "stop": 3185.95, "id": 801}, {"text": " [...] this launch?", "start": 3186.33, "stop": 3187.57, "id": 802}, {"text": " We got a few people.", "start": 3188.4900000000002, "stop": 3190.29, "id": 803}, {"text": " Most of you do not know the launch.", "start": 3190.45, "stop": 3192.37, "id": 804}, {"text": " Those are points that are people.", "start": 3192.85, "stop": 3195.33, "id": 805}, {"text": " [...] stable points.", "start": 3195.33, "stop": 3196.89, "id": 806}, {"text": " You go in order to stay there.", "start": 3197.25, "stop": 3201.19, "id": 807}, {"text": " And there are a bunch of launch points around the earth.", "start": 3201.73, "stop": 3204.35, "id": 808}, {"text": " Space junk accumulates in the launch points.", "start": 3205.29, "stop": 3208.51, "id": 809}, {"text": " And so those are our spots for you to put repeaters on.", "start": 3209.39, "stop": 3212.53, "id": 810}, {"text": " Our latest telescope.", "start": 3213.71, "stop": 3215.39, "id": 811}, {"text": " Yes.", "start": 3216.25, "stop": 3216.51, "id": 812}, {"text": " It's in the launch.", "start": 3216.99, "stop": 3217.55, "id": 813}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3218.53, "stop": 3219.17, "id": 814}, {"text": " I know.", "start": 3220.67, "stop": 3221.21, "id": 815}, {"text": " I'm not [...]", "start": 3221.35, "stop": 3222.31, "id": 816}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3222.31, "stop": 3222.79, "id": 817}, {"text": " [...] self-hierd.", "start": 3222.79, "stop": 3222.91, "id": 818}, {"text": " So there are always interesting things.", "start": 3222.91, "stop": 3225.39, "id": 819}, {"text": " I can talk about anomalies here.", "start": 3225.99, "stop": 3229.29, "id": 820}, {"text": " You want to hear things.", "start": 3229.77, "stop": 3230.39, "id": 821}, {"text": " He likes.", "start": 3230.63, "stop": 3230.97, "id": 822}, {"text": " Things that we can't explain.", "start": 3232.67, "stop": 3234.01, "id": 823}, {"text": " When in fact.", "start": 3234.85, "stop": 3235.65, "id": 824}, {"text": " He was Apollo 13.", "start": 3236.85, "stop": 3238.45, "id": 825}, {"text": " And a group of us.", "start": 3239.25, "stop": 3239.97, "id": 826}, {"text": " T-C-M-J.", "start": 3241.3100000000004, "stop": 3243.05, "id": 827}, {"text": " And we set up the Apollo astronauts.", "start": 3243.59, "stop": 3246.41, "id": 828}, {"text": " And they went around.", "start": 3246.41, "stop": 3248.35, "id": 829}, {"text": " Quite a few years ago.", "start": 3249.55, "stop": 3251.05, "id": 830}, {"text": " More than 25 years ago.", "start": 3251.25, "stop": 3253.37, "id": 831}, {"text": " And we set up a dish.", "start": 3254.73, "stop": 3256.25, "id": 832}, {"text": " A whole life lost for clothesline for a lot of years.", "start": 3257.51, "stop": 3259.61, "id": 833}, {"text": " The clothesline.", "start": 3260.67, "stop": 3261.95, "id": 834}, {"text": " We put the dish on top of the clothesline.", "start": 3262.41, "stop": 3264.79, "id": 835}, {"text": " The ropes.", "start": 3265.41, "stop": 3265.71, "id": 836}, {"text": " How much room?", "start": 3266.89, "stop": 3267.63, "id": 837}, {"text": " Don't forget those.", "start": 3271.4900000000002, "stop": 3272.71, "id": 838}, {"text": " [...] set up.", "start": 3272.71, "stop": 3274.47, "id": 839}, {"text": " [...] are the ones that we set up.", "start": 3274.71, "stop": 3274.81, "id": 840}, {"text": " They are the ones that we set up.", "start": 3274.81, "stop": 3274.83, "id": 841}, {"text": " They are the ones that we set up.", "start": 3274.83, "stop": 3275.29, "id": 842}, {"text": " And they put this dish up there.", "start": 3275.55, "stop": 3277.49, "id": 843}, {"text": " And there's three of the [...]", "start": 3277.75, "stop": 3279.31, "id": 844}, {"text": " And four of them are based before the ones.", "start": 3279.73, "stop": 3282.07, "id": 845}, {"text": " And you're watching this.", "start": 3282.33, "stop": 3283.33, "id": 846}, {"text": " And this is true.", "start": 3283.79, "stop": 3284.65, "id": 847}, {"text": " And one day we were.", "start": 3285.19, "stop": 3286.25, "id": 848}, {"text": " We picked up.", "start": 3286.61, "stop": 3287.37, "id": 849}, {"text": " We actually hear the asking.", "start": 3287.51, "stop": 3288.43, "id": 850}, {"text": " And they had this.", "start": 3289.17, "stop": 3289.93, "id": 851}, {"text": " And they open the sub.", "start": 3290.23, "stop": 3292.31, "id": 852}, {"text": " And so.", "start": 3292.51, "stop": 3292.85, "id": 853}, {"text": " So let me show you an information.", "start": 3294.51, "stop": 3295.95, "id": 854}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3295.95, "stop": 3296.69, "id": 855}, {"text": " [...] voice channel.", "start": 3297.19, "stop": 3297.79, "id": 856}, {"text": " That's up.", "start": 3298.63, "stop": 3299.01, "id": 857}, {"text": " Is the astronauts.", "start": 3301.71, "stop": 3302.95, "id": 858}, {"text": " We have a little.", "start": 3303.63, "stop": 3304.17, "id": 859}, {"text": " Displaced.", "start": 3304.69, "stop": 3304.99, "id": 860}, {"text": " We see the spectrum.", "start": 3305.25, "stop": 3305.95, "id": 861}, {"text": " And we're sitting there.", "start": 3307.53, "stop": 3308.57, "id": 862}, {"text": " And.", "start": 3310.9900000000002, "stop": 3311.51, "id": 863}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3311.53, "stop": 3312.03, "id": 864}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3312.67, "stop": 3313.49, "id": 865}, {"text": " You know, which are.", "start": 3313.83, "stop": 3314.39, "id": 866}, {"text": " Invisible, but they're not new.", "start": 3315.01, "stop": 3315.97, "id": 867}, {"text": " They all go up.", "start": 3316.41, "stop": 3317.43, "id": 868}, {"text": " Just like this.", "start": 3317.81, "stop": 3318.49, "id": 869}, {"text": " They went up off the screen.", "start": 3319.25, "stop": 3320.51, "id": 870}, {"text": " And after that we were using that.", "start": 3321.69, "stop": 3323.37, "id": 871}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3323.37, "stop": 3324.37, "id": 872}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3325.57, "stop": 3325.59, "id": 873}, {"text": " It's not very long.", "start": 3328.09, "stop": 3329.49, "id": 874}, {"text": " And we don't know.", "start": 3331.79, "stop": 3332.53, "id": 875}, {"text": " How.", "start": 3333.37, "stop": 3333.47, "id": 876}, {"text": " What we understand.", "start": 3334.37, "stop": 3335.03, "id": 877}, {"text": " What.", "start": 3336.19, "stop": 3336.99, "id": 878}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3337.57, "stop": 3337.69, "id": 879}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3337.69, "stop": 3337.75, "id": 880}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3337.75, "stop": 3337.91, "id": 881}, {"text": " That signal.", "start": 3338.67, "stop": 3339.65, "id": 882}, {"text": " And this was.", "start": 3341.87, "stop": 3342.43, "id": 883}, {"text": " We were.", "start": 3343.91, "stop": 3344.97, "id": 884}, {"text": " We were listening to.", "start": 3345.25, "stop": 3347.33, "id": 885}, {"text": " What?", "start": 3348.23, "stop": 3348.63, "id": 886}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3348.63, "stop": 3349.11, "id": 887}, {"text": " Cause that.", "start": 3349.61, "stop": 3351.11, "id": 888}, {"text": " In terms of.", "start": 3352.01, "stop": 3354.51, "id": 889}, {"text": " That's the [...]", "start": 3354.63, "stop": 3354.99, "id": 890}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3356.21, "stop": 3356.29, "id": 891}, {"text": " A thousand times.", "start": 3356.29, "stop": 3357.27, "id": 892}, {"text": " I don't have any.", "start": 3360.8699999999994, "stop": 3363.15, "id": 893}, {"text": " I don't have any.", "start": 3364.05, "stop": 3364.87, "id": 894}, {"text": " Thought about.", "start": 3364.87, "stop": 3365.43, "id": 895}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3366.03, "stop": 3366.25, "id": 896}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3367.83, "stop": 3367.99, "id": 897}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3368.17, "stop": 3370.13, "id": 898}, {"text": " Never.", "start": 3371.63, "stop": 3372.39, "id": 899}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3374.49, "stop": 3375.25, "id": 900}, {"text": " Cause that.", "start": 3375.91, "stop": 3376.73, "id": 901}, {"text": " There are a bunch of people.", "start": 3377.41, "stop": 3378.27, "id": 902}, {"text": " It wasn't.", "start": 3378.47, "stop": 3378.61, "id": 903}, {"text": " It wasn't just me.", "start": 3378.61, "stop": 3379.27, "id": 904}, {"text": " We must have about seven people.", "start": 3380.29, "stop": 3381.99, "id": 905}, {"text": " That's the sort of.", "start": 3382.39, "stop": 3383.43, "id": 906}, {"text": " This happened.", "start": 3384.05, "stop": 3384.31, "id": 907}, {"text": " And that's one of the things that I've seen.", "start": 3385.27, "stop": 3387.47, "id": 908}, {"text": " I have no explanation of.", "start": 3387.75, "stop": 3389.21, "id": 909}, {"text": " There's no question.", "start": 3389.81, "stop": 3391.25, "id": 910}, {"text": " I think physically happening.", "start": 3392.65, "stop": 3393.97, "id": 911}, {"text": " It wasn't something that the wire.", "start": 3394.63, "stop": 3395.99, "id": 912}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3396.75, "stop": 3397.35, "id": 913}, {"text": " [...]", "start": 3398.41, "stop": 3398.53, "id": 914}, {"text": " There's a lot of strange things still happening.", "start": 3401.17, "stop": 3403.45, "id": 915}, {"text": " We can [...]", "start": 3404.43, "stop": 3405.95, "id": 916}, {"text": " I know.", "start": 3406.43, "stop": 3406.61, "id": 917}, {"text": " I think I should end this now.", "start": 3406.61, "stop": 3408.27, "id": 918}, {"text": " My time point.", "start": 3408.77, "stop": 3409.27, "id": 919}, {"text": " We want to make sure we.", "start": 3409.41, "stop": 3410.31, "id": 920}, {"text": " We get to the.", "start": 3410.57, "stop": 3411.49, "id": 921}, {"text": " The keynote.", "start": 3412.93, "stop": 3413.73, "id": 922}, {"text": " After the keynote.", "start": 3414.49, "stop": 3415.31, "id": 923}, {"text": " We're going to have a.", "start": 3415.83, "stop": 3417.63, "id": 924}, {"text": " A interactive forum.", "start": 3419.5699999999997, "stop": 3420.95, "id": 925}, {"text": " We're going to bring out what's left of our refreshments out there.", "start": 3421.55, "stop": 3424.53, "id": 926}, {"text": " So you got something to eat if you're staying for the banquet.", "start": 3424.67, "stop": 3426.73, "id": 927}, {"text": " But you're welcome.", "start": 3428.03, "stop": 3428.65, "id": 928}, {"text": " You don't have to go to the banquet to stay there.", "start": 3428.83, "stop": 3431.01, "id": 929}, {"text": " We're going to run an interactive format.", "start": 3431.09, "stop": 3432.59, "id": 930}, {"text": " Forum.", "start": 3433.13, "stop": 3433.23, "id": 931}, {"text": " This for people that are here.", "start": 3433.49, "stop": 3435.35, "id": 932}, {"text": " We're going to talk about electric cars and get everyone.", "start": 3435.35, "stop": 3438.67, "id": 933}, {"text": " Let them have their two cents.", "start": 3438.97, "stop": 3440.95, "id": 934}, {"text": " You know what?", "start": 3441.57, "stop": 3441.87, "id": 935}, {"text": " There's a lot of different opinions on cars and a lot of the people in the", "start": 3441.91, "stop": 3445.91, "id": 936}, {"text": " audience have strong opinions.", "start": 3445.91, "stop": 3448.97, "id": 937}, {"text": " They have different directions than just our speakers.", "start": 3449.05, "stop": 3451.61, "id": 938}, {"text": " They listened to the speaker.", "start": 3451.73, "stop": 3452.97, "id": 939}, {"text": " So we're going to give everyone a chance to get involved and express", "start": 3453.21, "stop": 3456.85, "id": 940}, {"text": " their opinions at that time.", "start": 3456.85, "stop": 3458.35, "id": 941}, {"text": " Thank you.", "start": 3458.81, "stop": 3459.23, "id": 942}, {"text": " Thank you.", "start": 3465.35, "stop": 3470.05, "id": 943}]}